BEET SUGAR 933 



a stage further than do the factories of Europe. The latter 

 usually produce raw sugar only, which is sent to refineries for 

 the last stage of preparation ; precisely as our cane sugar is im- 

 ported in the " raw " form, and goes through the refineries before 

 being marketed for consumption. The American beet-sugar fac- 

 tories, on the other hand, make refined (granulated) sugar, which 

 is sold at once to the grocers. In Europe the greater geographical 

 concentration of beet growing and sugar making, and the conse- 

 quent ease of transportation to refineries near by, probably account 

 for the practice there prevailing. The different American practice 

 doubtless took its start because refining was controlled, during 

 the earlier years of beet sugar, by the Sugar Trust and its affili- 

 ated concerns ; but it persisted because it fitted the geographical 

 and industrial conditions of the industry. Another reason is that 

 in continental Europe beet farming and sugar making constitute 

 commonly one integrated enterprise, and are associated either 

 with estate farming on a large scale or with direct cooperation 

 between large-scale agriculturists and the factory owners. A dif- 

 ferent sort of cooperation between farm and factory was neces- 

 sary under our conditions of land ownership, and this has been 

 worked out successfully by the American manufacturers. Neither 

 in the technical aspects of the manufacturing industry nor in 

 its appropriate organization is there indication of disadvantage in 

 the United States. 



This brings us to the close of our examination of the sources 

 of sugar supply and their relation to the tariff. ' Let us now, by 

 way of summary, proceed to a quantitative estimate of the conse- 

 quences of the duty on raw sugar, postponing for the moment 

 the consideration of the effect (comparatively slight, as will 

 shortly be shown) of the additional duty on refined sugar. 



The burden of the sugar duty can be measured with greater 

 exactness than is often possible. We know that the price of 

 sugar was raised by the duty throughout the area of consumption. 

 In this case, we have no reason to question the significance of 

 continued imports. The only serious qualification which needs to 

 be made is that which arises for the later years from the uneven 



