90 BUDS AND STIPULES 



4. By making the buds unpalatable or inaccessible 

 to insects. 



5. By toning down the light. 



In some cases, as in Mullein (Verbascum), the whole 

 plant is covered with felted hairs. 



In the Wayfaring Tree (Viburnum Lcmtana) (fig. 186, 

 p. 1 1 8) the outer leaves of the bud protect the inner, but 

 they all develop, and suffer very little from the cold, 

 as they are protected by a thick coat of stellate hairs, 

 which cross and intercross, thus forming a sort of 

 grey felt. In the Dogwood (Gornua sanguinea), Buck- 

 thorn (Rhamnus Frangula), and others, the young leaves 

 are similarly protected. In the Vine, again, the bud is 

 covered only by a felt of hairs. 



Lastly, in some plants, as in the Horse Chestnut 

 (jE sculus Hippoccistanum) and Plane (Platanus), some 

 of the scales protecting the bud are hairy. 



In the Plane (Phttanus) the stipules are connate, 

 the upper part being turned over in a sort of frill, so 

 that they almost resemble a green flower, from the 

 centre of which the stalk emerges (fig. 136). If the 

 base of the leaf-stalk be examined, it will be found, as 

 we have already seen, to form a regular cap, protecting 

 the bud. After the leaves have fallen the winter-buds are 

 covered by several cap-like stipules (see figs. 263-268), 

 the leaves belonging to which have become completely 

 aborted. The outer stipule or cap is brown or reddish 

 brown, and secretes a gummy substance on its inner sur- 



