232 BUDS AND STIPULES 



fall does not depend on the time of bursting of the buds. 

 De Candolle also quotes observations on individual 

 trees. In many species, like Horse Chestnut, Beech, 

 Elm, &c., trees growing side by side, planted at the 

 same time, and subjected to the same external condi- 

 tions, neither come into leaf nor lose their leaves simul- 

 taneously. These facts of idiosyncrasy, he says, are con- 

 stant. They recur in the same manner year after year, 

 even when the differences in time are only three days. 

 Of three old trees in the court of a country house at 

 Frontenex, the owner stated that for years they followed 

 the same order of succession at both epochs : those which 

 were first to leaf were also the earliest to lose their 

 leaves. A Chestnut in the gardens of the Tuileries from 

 its habit of early leafing is known as the Vingt Mars ; 

 and M. Henri Vilmorin states that, compared with the 

 other Chestnuts in the gardens, it keeps its leaves beyond 

 the mean time of leaf-fall. M. Vilmorin also observed 

 thirty-four Horse Chestnuts, 150 years old, in a planta- 

 tion on his own property at Verridres in 1876 and 1877. 

 He found that those which were the first to lose their 

 leaves in 1876 were in the same category next year, 

 with slight differences as to order. Six of those which 

 were the first to put out leaves in spring were late to 

 lose them in autumn, while five others were early in leaf 

 and early in losing leaf. He concludes that the two 

 phenomena have no regular relation. Similar observa- 

 tions on the Beech and Elm led to the same conclusion. 



