2-t 



I'.v the chemical processes for manufacturing wood-pulp, a good class of pulp 

 ; ma.l'e from the.|iiick-.un>\ving poplar and from spruce. The wood of the slower 

 -rowing linden or li;iss\vood makes an equally valuable white paper pulp. 



<ak ,.,. m also he used, though yielding an inferior product that requires 

 Meaelmi";. One '^reat advantage in the method is that the tannin in the oak is 



-rodiict, and the chemicals with it in the lye being rather an 



aid than a hindrance to the tannin!.'- process, it is found that hides can be perfectly 



nird in it in teii davs. This seems to ofter to the cultivator of oak coppice, or 



1 1 1. 1 nter of poplars, a most important source of income ; whilst in 



nii'eioiis plantations there need be absolutely no waste. 



The chemical preparation of fibre has given rise to two distinct processes 

 the soda process and the acid process. 



.mieal pulp (cellulose) is used as an adjunct, with esparto, rags, or me- 

 ntal jmlp, in the manufacture of news, printings, colors, and some kinds of 



wrapping-paper. It forms (according to Mr. Routledge) an excellent succedane, 

 til lei' up, and bleaches to a high color. Fine prints are also manufactured 



exclusively from acid pulp. 



Mechanical pulp is chiefly used as an adjunct in the manufacture of news, 

 cheap printings, and wall-papers ; but there are several distinct classes of paper 

 made from it without any other ingredient, viz., wood-pulp middles from white 

 pine pulp, and various self-colored wrappings and tinted wall-papers from brown, 

 sometimes styled patent pulp. 



Another important use is for wood-pulp boards and so-called " patent " or 

 brown boards, the latter being produced from brown pine-pulp and the former from 

 white pine-pulp. 



The consumption of wood-pulp boards is increasing rapidly, chiefly for mak- 

 ing paper boxes, for which they possess certain advantages over straw boards. 



Although almost any wood can be converted into pulp, experience has 

 hitherto decided in favor of conifers of a certain age. 



For chemical pulp, trees on an average of twenty years' growth, and a thick- 

 ness of six to eight inches at the base of the stem are said to be the best. 

 Younger wood is more tractable by chemical means, but produces a fibre of inferior 

 quality. Older wood requires stronger chemicals to remove the incrusting 

 matter, and possesses no compensating advantages. 



In Canada many species of wood have been utilized, amongst which may be 

 mentioned pine, poplar, spruce, willow, basswood, cedar, hemlock, maple, and 

 birch. 



Poplar pulp remains white, birch becomes pink, maple turns of a purple 

 tint, and basswood reddish after grinding, 



The practical operations concerned in the manufacture of pulp from wood 

 by the caustic soda process may be divided into the following : Barking, saw- 

 ing, chopping, crushing, boiling or digesting, washing and bleaching, treatment for 

 sale as half-stutf, and soda recovery. 



HEMLOCK EXTRACT. 



In the final Report of the Select Committee of the House of Commons(Canada) 

 in 1868 on the best means of protecting Hemlock Timber from destruction, the con- 

 clusion was come to, after a most careful consideration of the question, that 

 unless some steps were speedily taken to check the wasteful and extravagant rate 

 .of consumption then going on, really for the benefit of other countries at the 



