43 



planting. Still the outlay is considerably smaller. It must, however, not be 

 overlooked that in the majority ot cases natural regeneration requires much time ; 

 as long as the shelter trees increase sufficiently in size and quality so as to make 

 up for any loss on this account no harm is done, but where this is not the case 

 artificial regeneration may be actually more profitable. 



Damage by frost, drought, and weed growth is avoided, or at any rate con- 

 siderably reduced. The same may be said as regards damage by insects, though 

 perhaps not to an equal extent. 



SUMMING UP. 



Neither the artificial nor the natural method of regeneration is the best at 

 all times and under any circumstances ; only a consideration of the local con- 

 ditions can lead to a sound decision as to which is preferable in a given case. 

 In forming such a decision the forester must chiefly take the following points - 

 into consideration : 



(a.) General objects of management. 



(6.) Species to be grown. 



(c.) Condition of locality. 



(d.) Available funds. 



(e.) Skill and capacity of the staff. 



LABOR KEQUIRED VN FORESTRY. 



Forests require labor in a great variety of ways, which may be brought 

 under the following three headings : 



(1) General administration, creation, tending, harvesting, etc., or work done 

 in the forest. 



(2) Transport of produce. 



(3) Industries which depend on forests for their prime material. 



(1) General Administration. The quantity of labor required in the forests 

 differs considerably according to circumstances, the value of the produce, and the 

 consequent degree of the minuteness of the system of management. Great diffi- 

 culty is experienced in obtaining accurate statistics on this point, but five days' 

 work annually for every acre of land under forest may be accepted as an approxi- 

 mate estimate all round. From the available data it has been calculated that in 

 the forests of Germany about 39,000,000 are paid annually for administration, 

 creation, preservation, road making, cutting of wood, and collection of minor 

 forest produce, on which about 200,000 families exist, or about 1,000,000 people. 

 This estimate refers to forests which are already in existence, and in which fencing 

 is done only in very rare instances. When new forests are created, additional labor 

 is required at the outset. Nevertheless it is beyond doubt that forests require 

 considerably less labour than land under field crops. 



(2) Transport of produce. Owing to the bulky nature of forest produce its 

 transport forms a business of considerable magnitude. Timber and firewood are 

 carried by water wherever practicable, but also extensively overland. Under 

 this head the sum of at least $19,480,000 is paid annually in Germany. 



(3) Forest industries. The labour which is required to work up the raw 

 material yielded by forests is of a much greater extent than that employed in 

 managing the forests and in transport. There are the workmen employed in 



