44 



.v-milk liuiMm-, ship-building, carpentry, coach-building, engineering, turning, 

 rving, paper pulp manufacture, match-making, the manufacture of cases, and 



boxes, round and square, from the largest packing case to the smallest toy _box, 



frames of sieves, drums and cask hoops, wooden-ware for table covers, blinds, 

 icils, wooden nads, instruments, tools, plates, shovels, spoons, shoes, lasts, 

 Idle trees, l-rusln-s, harrows, and gunstocks, toys of thousands of patterns, and 



.ndl as other I. ranches of industry, some of which can only exist in and around 



forests. 



The \va-v- earned under this head amount in Germany to something like 



>] t-iijiioiioi) a year, maintaining 600,000 families or 3,000,000 people. 



Taking now the three heads of labour together, it has been estimated that 

 SMin,. tiling like li' per cent, of the population of Germany is employed in forest 

 \vork, transport <>!' forest produce, and the working up of the raw material yielded 

 hy the forests. An important feature of the work connected with the forests 

 and their produce is, that a greater part of it can be made to fit in with the 

 requirements of agriculture ; that is to say, that it can be done when field crops do 

 not require attention. Hence forest work offers an excellent opportunity to the 

 rural labourer or small farmer of earning some money when he has nothing else 

 to do, and when he would probably sit idle, if no forest work were obtainable. 



ORGANIZATION OF THE PERSONNEL.* 



This will depend in a great measure on the extent of the forest concerned. 

 It is evident that the degree of division of labour which is possible in the man- 

 agement of forests comprising a million acres could not be applied with advantage 

 to an estate of a thousand acres, and that private individuals will seldom be in a 

 position to adopt the elaborate systems followed in the State Forests of European 

 countries. 



The following plan is that usually adopted for the management of forests of 

 large extent, such as those of most European countries. 



The establishment consists of an inferior and a superior branch. The former 

 consists of (1) guards and (2) rangers. 



(1) Guards or Under- Foresters. The duty of these is, as the name implies 

 in the first place, protective. But, besides this, they are employed in the execu- 

 tive work of their beats, as, for instance, in supervising work of regeneration and 

 felling. 



(2) Rangers, 'or, range-foresters, who have immediate charge of the executive 

 work of a range, and are responsible for its proper conduct to the assistant con- 

 servator. 



The superior branch consists of (1) Assistant-Conservators, (2; Deputy-Con- 

 servators, (3) Conservators, and, in certain cases, of (4) an Inspector-General. 



(1) Assistant-Conservators. An assistant-conservator has charge of several 

 ranges, called collectively, a sub-division. Besides the general management of the 

 work of the sub-division, the accounts of each range are audited, and have to be 

 passed by him before payment is made. 



(2) Deputy-Conservators. A Deputy-Conservator has charge of several sub- 

 divisions, called collectively, a division. His duty is purely to control, and he 

 does not, as a rule, interfere with the executive work of the Assistant -Conserva- 



* Macgregor ; Organization and Valuation of Forests. 



