104 



such persons whose qualifications are approved by the government, to whom the 

 election is submitted for consideration and confirmation. It is the duty of the 

 government, either by virtue of its office or for some special reason, to examine 

 into any changes made in the management of the Communal forest, and to proceed 

 against all adverse administration by assuming special supervision or by insti- 

 tuting any other judicious precaution. 



As technical organs for the supervision of the Communal forests, the 

 government can make use of its foresters, who are generally bound to report to 

 government any wrong done to the Communal forests that may come to their 

 knowledge. The technical supervision is conducted by its technical foresters, 

 namely, by the oberforstbeamte (head forest officers), and forstmeister (forest 

 master). 



Each forstmeister has a special geographical district allotted to him, who has 

 not only to superintend the State forests, but also, at the request of the govern- 

 ment department of the interior, of which he is a technical member, to examine 

 the management of all the Communal forests situated within his particular 

 district. The oberforstbeamte (head forest officer), has general supervision over 

 the administration of all the Communal forests situated within the government 

 district of which he is the head, and by whom all orders are issued. The 

 privileges of the Communes in their forests consist in their having sole benefit of 

 all the income or any other profit derived from the forests. The use of the 

 pastures, as well as the straw and grazing, is usually permitted to the consumers 

 whenever such use is very necessary, but is so far restricted that the condition 

 and value of the forests and the maintenance of the pastures may not suffer 

 thereby. The Communes are bound to bring all sand dunes and waste lands 

 under forest cultivation as soon as it is shown it can be profitably done. On all 

 sales of Communal forest area the permission of the Government must first be 

 obtained. 



ORGANIZATION AND FUNCTIONS OF GOVERNMENT FOREST BUREAUS. 



The State forest administration is under the Ministry for Agriculture, 

 Domain, and Forest. The chief direction of forest affairs is divided into four 

 heads : 



1. The central direction: Forest Department in the Ministry for Agricul- 

 ture, Domain, and Forests. 



2. Local direction : Inspection and control by the district government under 

 the Department of Taxes, Domain, and Forest. 



3. District administration by the chief forester (oberforster], respectively the 

 Bureau of Eeceipts and Disbursements. ___^_^ 



4. Forest preservation and special superintendents over the management of 

 the subordinate foresters (the so-called forstschutzbeamten). 



The revision of all forest accounts is done at the so-called Ober-Recknungs- 

 kammer (Head Bureau of Accounts) of the Ministerial Department. The entire 

 organization is based upon the division of the State forests into so-called ober- 

 forstereien (forest districts). Every principal forest district is an independent 

 administration, for whose administration a separate finance is kept, and the chief 

 forester, who is the responsible administrator of the finance, submits all the 

 accounts through the forest treasurer of his district to the Finance Department 

 of the government, for auditing. 



The duty of the oberforster (head forester) is to watch and take care of the 

 rvation of his forest district and to make his administration useful in every 



