FOREST UTILIZATION 13 



II. To prevent saw from pinching in the kerf. 



Special saw wedges of oil-tempered steel are made by Morley 



Bros. 



Frequently saw wedges and axe wedges are used alike. 

 Wooden wedges must be driven with the axe or hammer. 

 Iron and steel wedges must be driven with a wooden maul. 

 G. Mauls and maul bands. 



Mauls are made of the butts of dogwood, beech, hornbeam, hard 

 maple, gum and locust, and are held together by two iron hoops 

 made of J^-inch by ^-inch flat iron. 

 H. Pickaxe and mattock. 



They are used where the stumps are used together with the bole and 

 in the preparation of forest roads. The points of both are relaid 

 with steel after wearing out. 

 I. Brush hooks. 

 They are used in cleaning boles and in making fagots or fascines; 



further in clearing snaking roads in dense underbrush. 

 J. The krempe. 



The krempe is used largely abroad and in India and resembles the 

 picaroon or hookaroon used in America for handling ties, tele- 

 graph poles and pulp wood. It is used in rolling and moving logs 

 down hill, the pick acting as a lever, the fulcrum! of which lies at 

 the' heel. 

 K. Pike poles. 



Pike poles are used with pike and hook or with pike only ; are 12 

 ft. to 20 ft. long, made of selected white ash, the points consisting 

 of cast steel. The points are either screwed into the wood or 

 driven without heating. Pike poles cost $10 to $25 a dozen. They 

 are indispensable in driving and rafting operations and at mill 

 ponds. 



L. Screws for blasting stumps. Such screws are used abroad, not to 

 shoot stumps out of the ground but solely to split stumps where 

 prices of firewood are high. The hollow screw loaded with blast- 

 ing powder is inserted into an auger-made hole. 

 M. Grindstones. 



Grindstones should not be exposed to the sun, should be kept 

 equally round and even and should always be kept wet while in 

 use. A water trough underneath the stone should be rejected, as 

 the submerged side softens unduly and unevenly. Stones are sold 

 by the pound. 

 A 7O-lb. grindstone costs about $4. The extra fixtures, consisting 



of hubs, shafts with nuts, crank etc. cost about a dollar. 

 N.' Machine saws. 



For cutting trees such saws have proven a failure. Similar was 

 the fate of the "electric cutting machine" recently patented by 

 Bayer. The expense of carrying machines from tree to tree is 

 greater than the expense of cutting by hand. 



