FOREST UTILIZATION 17 



III. Space stuff, i. e. industrial cordwood (for insulator pins, 

 bobbins, pulp, tannin etc.), tanbark and fuel, sold by the 

 cord. In the case of bark, 2,240 Ibs. are usually considered 

 the equivalent of one cord. 



The specifications governing the dissection describe : 

 I. The dimensions, i. e., the range of length and diameter de- 

 sired for each section obtainable. 



II. The quality of each section and the defects allowed and pro- 

 hibited therein, 

 (a) Saw logs for lumber. 



i. Dimensions. Douglas fir on the Pacific coast used to 

 be cut in logs 24 ft. long. The minimum diameter per- 

 missible was 30 inches. 

 Spruce in New England is often cut 13 ft. 4 inches long 



with a diameter of 6 inches and up. 

 For yellow pine logs, any length and any diameter over 



8 inches are permissible. 



Hardwood logs have a length ranging from 6 ft. 4 inches 

 to 18 ft. 4 inches, arranged in intervals of 2 ft. Odd 

 lengths are scaled down. A deficiency of l /^ ft. in length 

 of board or less is, however, often disregarded. 

 Export logs of yellow poplar are 8 ft. and 16 ft. long. 

 Jack pine logs for cheap box lumber are often cut 6 feet 

 6 inches long, the diameters ranging from 4 inches up- 

 ward. 



2. Treatment. Saw kerfs at either end of log should be 

 made perpendicular. Branches should be swamped off, 

 knots cut level and laid open. Bark in the case of coni- 

 fers is frequently peeled off in Maine and in Europe. 

 Bark rings are sometimes left at the ends. Defects 

 of bole must be concentrated in one log, or must be 

 sawn out. Nosing is required for loose driving and for 

 snaking. Painting of end faces with red lead is pre- 

 scribed for export logs. Very heavy logs are sometimes 

 split in two. Putting logs on sticks to prevent spoliation 

 of sap and to reduce specific gravity is often advised. 



(b) Blocks for woodenware. 



Poplar, for large bowls, must be entirely freo 

 from defects. White pine blocks are often cut 

 between the whirls of branches. 



(c) Hub blocks must be butt logs, the length allow- 



ing to cut either two or four out of the block. 



(d) Construction timber is hewn according to local 



requirements. Minimum diameter at small 

 end most important. Construction timber 

 abroad is sometimes whip sawn. 



(e) Poplar and walnut squares run from 4" x 4" 



to 10" x 10". They are whip sawn in the back- 

 woods of western North Carolina. 



