i8 FOREST UTILIZATION 



(f) Telegraph poles. The smallest diameter, the 



diameter at or close to the big end, the length, 

 crooks and treatment of bark must be consid- 

 ered. Sometimes pointing of the small end 

 is specified. 



(g) Fence posts. Species, length, smallest diameter, 



straightness, method of manufacture etc. must 

 be considered. Usual length is 6]/2 feet. 



(h) Railroad ties. Specifications are very variable. 

 Face is usually from 6" x 6" to 7" x 9". Sawed 

 railroad ties are used, especially in the yellow 

 pine section. Great waste in hewing ties from 

 trees just too small to yield two ties. Speci- 

 fications cover allowance of sap, wind shakes, 

 wany edge and dote. 



(i) Shingle boltin Lengths are multiples of 16" and 

 18", usually. 



(j) Mine props. Middle diameter from 3" to 8". 



(k) Stave and heading bolts. Basswood heading 

 bolts used in Michigan. Length 18" or 37" 

 and diameter not less than 8". If from 12" 

 to 18", split into halves. If over 18", split into 

 quarters. White oak bolts used at Wilming- 

 ton measure 36" for stave bolts and 24" for 

 heading bolts; core must be hewn out; mini- 

 mum face at inner edge 4". 



Heading bolts for sugar barrels in the Adiron- 

 dacks consist of spruce cut in lengths forming 

 multiples of 22" with a diameter minimum 

 of 6". 



Stave logs for sugar barrels consist of birch, 

 beech and maple, the lengths forming multi- 

 ples of 32", with a diameter minimum of 8". 



(1) Bolts for carriage spokes. Material is black or 

 shellbark hickory, white oak, white ash and 

 post oak strictly free from imperfections. 

 Minimum diameter 12"; length &/ 2 feet, jV* 

 feet, S l / 2 feet and so on. 



(m) Paper pulp. Logs scale 6" and upwarSs ; no dead 

 timber. In the State of Maine pulp logs are 

 peeled in the woods. 



(n) Veneering blocks. Hardwoods preferred, of the 

 biggest possible diameter, but certainly over 

 18" diameter. Blocks from 2 to 6 feet long. 



(o) Tannin extract wood. Length of wood 5 feet, 

 split from logs 10 inches and over in diameter. 

 Wormholes allowed. Fibre must be abso- 

 lutely sound. A cord consists of 160 cubic, feet. 



