FOREST UTILIZATION 



Regular troughs made of two strong poles 

 resting on cross ties are used in Pennsyl- 

 vania, where grade is deficient and distance 

 long. Out West cross ties 7 feet apart are 

 placed on the road. In both cases long log 

 trains are formed. It is claimed for such 

 trains that the pull or strain on the animals 

 is evened or equalized, some logs sliding 

 down hill while other logs of the same train 

 overcome impediments. 



(d) Means of lubrication are: Sprinkling with 



water ; laying cross ties or length ties ; peel- 

 ing of logs; greasing the ties. 

 Means of braking the logs are: Sprinkling 

 earth, sand, hay and branches on the road; 

 throwing chains on -the road, or tying chains 

 around the logs. 



(e) Snaking distance. Snaking distances range 



up to one mile (usually), averaging about 

 one-third of a mile. Where many logs, say 

 30,000 board feet of logs or more, must be 

 transported on the same road over an aver- 

 age distance greater than one-third of a 

 mile, other means of transportation are 

 usually preferable to snaking. 

 . In the Appalachian hardwoods the expense for 

 1,000 board feet snaked over J^-mile amounts 

 to about $4. In the Adirondacks skidding 

 costs 4oc to SQC per 1,000 board feet, the dis- 

 tances being short, since the logs are merely 

 skidded to the skidways arranged alongside 

 the sleigh roads. 

 G. Drums. 



I. Hand drums or winches are used for yarding logs and 



especially for hoisting logs up hill on steep inclines, the 

 distances not exceeding 300 feet. G. B. Carpenter quotes 

 single "drum grabs," weighing 275 pounds and having 

 2 tons power, placed in strong oak frames, at $27. Power 

 capstans might be used for the same purpose. 



II. Drums with horses as motive power are used in eastern 



Tennessee for hoisting logs up to the rim of the sand- 

 stone plateaus. 



III. Steam power is now universally used out West in connec- 

 tion with drums known as "Bull Donkey" and "Donkey" 

 engines. Skidding or snaking roads are usually dis- 

 pensed with. Steel cable (j^-inch plow steel) is used 

 on the drums. The distance of haulage should not ex- 

 ceed 1,200 feet. The main cable is pulled out by a 



