FOREST UTILIZATION 51 



California laurel: Ship building; cabinet work and interior finish. 

 Elms: Wheel stock, especially hubs; fence posts; ribs of small 

 boats ; top spans in covered railroad cars ; railroad ties ; tongues 

 for sleighs and sleigh runners ; saddle trees ; flooring ; exported 

 for inner lining of boats ; butcher blocks and churns (butter) ; 

 cheese boxes ; imitation oak furniture ; sugar and flour barrel 

 staves ; patent coiled hoops for slack cooperage ; agricultural 

 implements; bicycle rims; basket making; gun stocks; frame 

 timber of piano cases; wheelbarrows; hockey sticks. 



Hackberry: Fencing; occasionally for cheap furniture; hames. 

 Mulberry : Fencing ; cooperage ; in the South for boat building ; 

 axe handles. 



Osage orange: Fencing; paving blocks; railroad ties; wheel 

 stock; toothpicks; fine mallets. 



Sycamore : Furniture ; plug tobacco boxes ; butchers' blocks ; in- 

 terior finish ; beehives (hollow log sections) ; butter and lard 

 trays ; wooden bowls. 



Walnuts : Interior finish ; furniture ; gun stocks ; tool handles ; 

 cabinet work; boat building. 



Hickories: Axe handles; wagon stock, especially whiffletrees ; 

 neck yokes ; spokes ; tongues ; felloes ; skeins ; buckboards ; 

 rustic furniture; barrel hoops; screws; mallets; parts of tex- 

 tile machinery; farm implements; wooden rails (top) ; baskets; 

 bows of ox yokes; boat building; hickory bark for flavoring 

 sugar (to imitate maple syrup). 



Oaks (white and burr): Furniture; wagon and carriage stock, 

 especially spokes, felloes, hubs, tongues, hounds, bolsters, sand- 

 boards, reaches, brake bars, axletrees, whiffletrees ; railroad ties ; 

 freight car building (framework); ship building; house build- 

 ing and interior finish; shingles; agricultural implements; bridge 

 building; mining timber; wine, beer and whisky barrels; par- 

 quet flooring; staircases; split wood baskets; hogshead and barrel 

 hoops. 



Post oak: Fencing; railroad ties; construction; staves; carriage 

 and wagon work ; farm implements. 



Basket oak: Baskets; cooperage; wheel stock; fencing; agri- 

 cultural implements; construction. 



Chestnut oak : Bark used for tanning ; fencing ; bridges ; railroad 

 ties; substitute for white oak, but objectionable in tight cooper- 

 age. 



IJve oak: Ship building; furniture. 



Hed oak : Shingles ; furniture ; interior finish ; tight and slack 

 cooperage. 



Texas oak : Same as red oak. Said to check less than red oak. 



Black oak : Plow beams ; furniture ; lumber ; bark for tanning 

 and quercitrin. 



Tanbark oak: In California bark used for tanning. 



Chestnut: Tannin extract; coffins; furniture; interior' finish; 

 shingles; fencing; railroad ties; sheathing; Jacob staff for com- 



