FOREST UTILIZATION m 



easily. The sap, poured into large tanks resting on 

 sleds, is quickly taken to the sugar shed. Buckets must 

 carefully be kept clean. 



V. Production per tree is 4 Ibs. of sugar per season. The sea- 

 son lasts not over a month. The trees are not affected 

 by tapping, either in quality or vitality. A new hole is 

 made every year. 

 B. Boiling process. 



Immediately after gathering, the sap is boiled down in open pans. 

 I. Manufacture of sugar. 



Syrup is boiled to the consistency of wax, poured into 

 forms and stirred to prevent formation of large crystals. 

 Crystal ization takes about 12 hours. Fifty quarts of 

 sap yield 2 Ibs. of sugar. 

 II. Manufacture of syrup. 



The sap is boiled down to a lesser consistency and at once 

 canned or bottled. 



XL. NAVAL STORES, THEIR PRODUCTION AND MANUFACTURE. 



A. Statistics. 



In 1902 the United States produced 600,000 bbls. of turpentine 

 worth $13,200,000; 2,100,000 bbls. of rosin or colophany worth 



$4,200,000. 



One acre of orchard yields in three years' tapping 25 gallons of 

 spirits of turpentine, worth $8, and 800 pounds of rosin worth 

 $4, at a labor expense and manufacturing expense of $10. Thus 

 a profit of $2 per acre is left 4o the owner. 



Orchards are leased actually at $i to $2 per acre for three years. 



B. Methods of orcharding. 



I. Southern method (also Austrian method). 



(a) Species used: Longleaf pine (used now down to 



8 inches in diameter) ; Cuban pine ; echinata 

 (small trees preferred) ; after W. W. Ashe, 

 also Taeda; in Austria, Pinus Austriaca. 



(b) Operations of the first season : 



1. Boxing: The tree is cut into, 8 inches 



above ground, with a narrow, thin- 

 bladed "boxing axe." Usually two boxes 

 to. a tree, on opposite sides. Width of 

 box is 14 inches ; depth horizontally 4 

 inches, vertically 7 inches ; height of the 

 tip above the lip about 10 inches. Box- 

 ing takes place in January and Feb- 

 ruary. 



2. Cornering: Immediately after boxing 



the tree is "cornered." .Cornering im- 

 plies the removal of two triangular 

 strips of bark and sapwood above the 



