FOREST POLICY. 



composed of hickories and birches; further, chestnut, locust, maple, 

 walnut and cherry. 



In the Allegheny Uplands the hardwoods of the Missis- 

 sippi are found, notably, red and white oak, beech and sugar 

 maple. In the southwest of this region occur the Kentucky cof- 

 fee tree, honey locust, chestnut and yellow poplar. West of the 

 Allegheny River no white pine, but some hemlock occurs. East 

 of this river, hemlock; then white pine increases in proportion 

 on the way toward the mountains. 



In the mountain belt prevail, below 1,800 feet, white pine, 

 hemlock, pitch pine, sugar maple, black and yellow birch, beech 

 and cherry. On rocky soil, especially in the southern part, occur 

 chestnut oak, chestnut and locust. Above 1,800 feet the Canadian 

 tree flora sets in, consisting of spruce (Picea rubens), balsam 

 and larch, with some white pine, Norway (red) pine and hemlock. 

 White pine stands averaging 25,000 feet b. m. per acre on tracts 

 comprising several hundred acres are no longer found. 



In 1880 white pine virgin forests occurred only island-like 

 on their original domain, whilst hemlock was then scarcely 

 touched. 



In looo, on burned white pine slashes, yellow and black 

 birch, bird and black cherry, maple, chestnut and beeches come 

 up in profusion. 



Regeneration of hemlock is nill; that of white pine very 

 poor. 



In 1896, Dr. Rothrock and Dr. Fernow estimated the stand 

 of conifers as follows: 



White pine 500,000,000 feet b. m. 



Spruce 70,000,000 feet b. m. 



Hemlock 5,000,000,000 feet b. m. 



4. Forest ownership: In 1894, over 1,500,000 acres, i. e., 

 over 5% of State's area, were advertised for sale by the counties 

 for tax forfeiture. 



614 lumber firms own 645,000 acres of forest, said to be 

 stocked with 9,300 feet b. m. on an average. 



83% of the woodlands are said to be attached to farms. 



The State reserves now aggregate several hundred thousand 

 acres. 



5. Use of timber: Logs on stump are worth $2.94; at mill, 

 $6.71. 2,280 mills report an average investment of $10,083. Penn- 



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