x CONTENTS 



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CHAPTER XVIII. MAPLE SYRUP AND SUGAR 



History and development 374 



Species of maples used 378 



Annual production 380 



Conditions necessary for commercial operations 381 



Sap flow and season 382 



Woods operations 385 



Tapping trees and distribution of buckets. 385 



Collection of sap 388 



Manufacture of syrup and sugar 390 



The sugar house 390 



Fuel 391 



Equipment and cost 391 



Process 394 



Yields of sap, syrup and sugar 396 



Uses and value of products , , , , 398 



CHAPTER XIX. RUBBER 



General ../.... 401 



History 40: 



Sources of supply and methods of production 404 



Rubber plantations 407 



Methods of manufacture '. 411 



Principal uses 412 



CHAPTER XX. DYE WOODS AND MATERIALS 



General description 414 



Manufacture of dyestuffs 415 



Raw materials used 416 



Logwood 416 



Brazil woods 417 



Fustic 418 



Red sandalwood 419 



Quercitron 419 



Venetian sumach 419 



Osage orange 419 



Cutch 421 



Gambier 421 



Importation of dyestuffs, , ,,,,,, 421 



CHAPTER XXI. EXCELSIOR 



General 424 



Qualities desired 424 



Uses and value of excelsior 425 



Woods used arid annual consumption 426 



