354 FOREST PRODUCTS 



very largely in restricted local regions except redwood, which has devel- 

 oped a wide market outside California as well as within that state. 



Next to Washington, which is pre-eminently the leading shingle 

 manufacturing state, according to the government statistics for 1917 

 the following were the leading states in order of production: Oregon, 

 cutting western red cedar; Louisiana, with its cypress and yellow pine 

 shingles; California, cutting redwood; Maine, turning out large quan- 

 tities of northern white cedar, and Michigan, with its great cedar output. 



RAW MATERIAL 



The material used for the manufacture of shingles comes to the mills 

 in the form of bolts or logs. This material is usually logged in large 

 lumber operations and sold directly to the shingle mills, which constitute 

 a separate industry in the Northwest. Very often the poorer quality of 

 logs are separated and sold to the shingle mills since very excellent 

 shingles can be made from hollow butted logs. Ranchers and those 

 clearing land commonly cut cedar trees into 52-in. bolt lengths and sell 

 them directly to the mills. Logging of shingle logs is done largely by 

 donkey engines and railroads, or by chutes, railroads, and by the use of 

 drivable streams. The production of the raw material for the manu- 

 facture of shingles is usually carried on by separate companies. 



Shingle logs cost between $8.00 and $15.00 or more per thousand 

 board-feet delivered at the mill. Bolts in 52-in. lengths bring from $3.00 

 to $8.00 or more per cord at the mill. The cost depends upon the qual- 

 ity of the timber and the local demand at the time of delivery. The 

 market on shingles fluctuates rather rapidly, so that the value of the 

 raw material fluctuates accordingly. 



In logging southern white cedar for shingle production, the trees are 

 cut into 5 ft. 2 in. and 6 ft. 2 in. lengths, which will make 3 bolts for 2o-in. 

 shingles out of 5 ft. 2 in. logs and 4 bolts for i8-in. shingles from 6 ft. 2 in. 

 logs. A shingle cord in eastern Virginia and North Carolina in 1907 was 

 considered to be a stack of bolts 4 ft. high by 5 ft. wide by 7 ft. long and 

 contains 140 cu. ft. or 600 log feet. 



At the present time a shingle cord in this region is considered to be a 

 stack of bolts 8 ft. long, 4 ft. high and 4 ft. wide and contains 128 cu. ft. 

 This is considered equivalent to 500 ft., board measure, by the Doyle 

 rule. 



In the manufacture of cypress, southern pine, and white pine shingles, 

 defective or misshapen logs are commonly butted by means of a cut-off 



