THE APPRAISAL OF DAMAGES 135 



(C + E] as an expense is the equivalent of S v S' v in future 

 value, the practical application of this problem consists in es- 

 timating the costs of restoring the soil to its original condition, 

 S v , and adding these future costs to the value of the timber 

 destroyed. It must be emphasized that this is not an awarding 

 of double damages but that the two items are absolutely distinct 

 and their sum represents the loss in value of the property. The 

 formula should, therefore, be expressed, 



L = F + ^ + + C' + '- (C + E). (0 2 ) 



i.op n 



The cost of removing dead timber and debris and any extra- 

 ordinary cost of securing reproduction is thus seen to be a legiti- 

 mate damage wholly apart from and in addition to the value of 

 the timber destroyed. 



143. Damage to Forest Soil. Damage to the soil results 

 frequently from fire, and sometimes this is so serious that the 

 soil is entirely destroyed. This damage takes two forms, 

 actual physical injury by destruction of litter, humus and 

 beneficial bacteria with resulting impoverishment of the soil, 

 and loss of profits or net income from either present or future 

 crops of timber, without necessarily injuring the soil itself. Both 

 results usually occur and there is no accurate way of measuring 

 the injury to the soil, in terms of money, except through loss in 

 probable income from timber crops. 



Damage to soil resulting in destruction of litter and humus, 

 but which does not kill the standing or growing trees, results 

 in retarding their growth. This decreases the volume and value 

 of the crop. The damage is measured by the reduced value of 

 the standing timber ( 141, Oi). 



Damage to soil accompanied by complete destruction of 

 timber can be measured only by the probable effect of this 

 injury on the value of a new crop of trees. When the soil is 

 largely vegetable, as in swamps or on high mountain slopes, its 

 destruction, especially on slopes, may prevent all further tree 

 growth. The damage then equals S v in addition to the value 

 of the timber burned. When the soil is partially destroyed, 



