20 THE AGRICULTURAL PESTS OF INDIA. 



field and barn refuse. Dead leaves and other vegetable 

 substances, not thoroughly and completely decayed, 'are 

 almost sure to introduce destructive fungi. Manure 

 heaps should be kept aloof from the neighbourhood of 

 infected places, and suspected manure turned and treated 

 with lime. Beat all hedges and keep all ditches clean. 

 Keep land free from weeds, remove grass all round fruit 

 trees, and all of it from orchards. Kerosene, paraffine, and 

 petroleum have all been found of use. They can be 

 mixed with earth, ashes, or sawdust, and sprinkled on 

 infected beds of vegetables, or a kerosene solution may 

 be thrown on plants with a syringe. For the latter mode 

 of applying it, it is made into an emulsion, diluted with 

 water, and used at once ; for if allowed to stand the com- 

 ponent parts separate. Kerosene, one quart ; milk, twelve 

 ounces ; emulsify by active churning. For use, dilute 

 with twelve to twenty times of water. Or, take soft soap, 

 one quart ; water, one gallon ; bring to a boil. Add one 

 gallon kerosene to twelve gallons soap solution. Many 

 other substances have been recommended to be used to 

 check mischievous insects, the other hydro - carbons, 

 paraffine, and petroleum, also tar, gas-water, ashes, soot, 

 quicklime, lime, and camphor. The stems of plants and 

 bushes near the ground are advised to be painted with 

 limewash ; sulphates of iron and copper and nitrate of 

 soda are also used. 



