90 THE AGRICULTURAL PESTS OF INDIA. 



the caterpillar and the other the pupa or chrysalis. The 

 caterpillar is about 7 millim., or rather more than 

 y long. The pupa is fusiform, 9 '5 millim. long by 

 2*25 millim. broad. The cocoon is 12 millim. long and 

 2 '5 broad. It is composed of whitish silk. The 

 Paraponyx oryzalis is an animal of considerable interest 

 to naturalists, inasmuch as in its larval stages it is 

 specially modified for a purely aquatic life ; in the 

 caterpillar stage, breathing water by means of tracheal 

 gills. JF.-Jf. 



Parasites are animals or vegetables. The former, for the 

 greater part of their life, live in or on the bodies of other 

 animals. Vegetable parasites attach themselves to other 

 plants, whose juices they absorb. Among the parasitic 

 vegetables are several fungi. The genera of the order 

 Loranthace^e are all parasitic ; the mistletoe, Yiscum 

 album, is found on the alder, elm, maple, olive, mulberry, 

 poplar, walnut, and willow in the Himalaya and the 

 Suliman range ; V. monoicum is parasitic on Elseoden- 

 dron and other trees. Arceuthobium oxycedri grows 

 on the branches of the Juniperus excelsa, often killing 

 the branch. Species of Loranthus on the Neilgherries 

 destroyed plantations of Australian acacia, attacking the 

 peach and other trees ; while, in the Sub-Himalayan 

 tracts, the oak, platanus, salix, rhododendron, mango, 

 peach, and pear all suffer from other Loranthi. 



Animal parasites attack man and other animals. Among 

 them may be named Acari, sp., the Argas, Ascarides, Ancy- 

 lostomum, Bothriocephalus, Cysticerci, Echinococci, Filaria, 

 Fistularia, flea, flukes, harvest-bug, Helmintha, louse, 

 (Estridea, Oxyurus, Sarcoptus, Spiroptera, Strongylus, 

 Teenia, Thecosoma, tick, Tricocephalus. The bites of all 

 are painful, many of them dangerous. In classifying 



