164 



ORDER LXin. DIPSACEJE TEASEL-FAMILY. ORDER LXIV. COMPOSITE COMPOSITE-FAMILY. 



1. GlLIUM. 



Calyx minute, with 3 4 teeth. Corolla rotate 3 4 cleft. 

 Stamens 3 4 short. Styles 2. Fruit consisting of 2 united 1- 

 seeded, indehiscent capsules. Stem 4-angled. Leaves verti- 

 cillate. Per. 



1. Gr. asprellum. 



Rough Cleavers. 



Three-flowered Cleavers. 



Stem weak, very branching, prickly backwards, supporting itself by its 

 prickles; leaves in verticels of about 6 on the main stems, and 4 on the bran- 

 ches, oblong-lanceolate, or lanceolate, acuminate, with the mid-vein and 

 margin prickly backwards ; peduncles short, 23 flowered ; flowers numerous, 

 minute, white ; fruit mostly smooth. A common plant in low grounds and 

 thickets, climbing 4 6 ft over shrubs and other plants by means of its hooked 

 prickles. July. 



2. G. trifidum. Goose-grass. 



Stem slender, decumbent, or nearly erect, weak, rough backward ; leaves 

 in whorls of 46, oblong-linear, or oblanceolate, obtuse, with rough margins ; 

 peduncles 1 3-flowered ; pedicels slender ; flowers white ; the parts mostly In 

 8's, minute ; fruit smooth. A common slender species, 4' 18' high, in wet 

 grounds and swamps. Very variable. 



Two varieties are found. Var. 1st Tinctorium. Earlier leaves in 6's; 

 those of the branches in 4's ; root red, and is said to yield a permanent dye of 

 that color. The plant Is hence sometimes called " Dyers' Cleavers." 



Var. 2d. Obtusum. Leaves oblanceolate, obtuse. Parts of the flowers in 

 4's. June Aug. 



3. G. aparine. Common Cleavers. 



Stem weak, reclining, prickly backward, hairy at the joints ; leaves about 8 

 In a whorl, lanceolate, mucronate, rough on the edge and mid-vein ; peduncles 

 axillary, 1 2-flowered ; flowers small, white; fruit large, hispid, with hooked 

 prickles. An annual species, with stems 2 6 feet long, found in damp thick- 

 ets. June. 



4. G. triflorum. 



Stem weak, procumbent, or prostrate, rough backward on the angles ; leaves 

 mostly in 6's, oval-lanceolate, mucronate, rough on the margin ; peduncles 3- 

 flowered ; flowers pedicellate, greenish ; fruit hispid, Common in moist woods. 

 Stem 1 3 feet long. July. 



5. G. boreale. Northern Cleavers. 



Stem erect, smooth ; leaves in 4's, linear-lanceolate, 3-nerved, smooth ; flow- 

 ers in a terminal, pyramidal, elongated panicle, white, small ; fruit small, his- 

 pid. A species found on rocky banks of streams, distinguished from others of 

 its tribe by the panicle of flowers. July. 



6. G. circaezans. Wild Licorice. 



Stem erect, or ascending, mostly smooth, nearly or quite simple ; leaves in 

 4's, ovate-lanceolate, or oval, generally obtuse, 3-veined, nearly smooth, ciliate ; 

 peduncles few-flowered, with mostly 2 divaricate branches and remote flowers, 

 on short pedicels ; flowers dark purple; fruit hispid. Common in woods, 6' 

 12' high. The leaves have a sweetish taste, similar to that of licorice, and hence 

 its common name. July. 



2. MITCHELLA. 

 Flowers in pairs, with united ovaries. Calyx 4-parted. Co- 

 rolla funnel-shaped, bearded within, 4-lobed. Stamens 4, inserted 

 on the corolla. Stigmas 4. Fruit a baccate drupe, crowned with 

 the calyx-teeth of both flowers. 



1. M. repens. Partridge-berry. 



Evergreen; stem creeping; leaves dark green, roundish-ovate, petiolate, op- 

 posite, with minute stipules ; flowers white, or tinged with rose, fragrant, pe- 

 dunculate 2 together, on a double ovary ; berries small, bright red, edible but 

 dry, persistent through the winter. A very pretty creeping plant in woods, 

 with dark green, coriaceous leaves, which are usually marked with whitish 

 lines. Common. June July. 



3. HEDY6TIS. 



Calyx 4-parted, persistent, inserted on the corolla. Stigmas 

 2. Capsule 2-celled, many-seeded. 



1. H. ccerdlea. Innocence. 



Smooth ; stem slender, dichotomous ; radical leaves spatnlate, petiolate ; 

 cauline ones opposite, ovate-lanceolate, sessile, small ; peduncles long, filiform 

 I 2-flowered ; corolla pale blue, fading to white, with a yellow base, somewhat 



salver-form. A very delicate and elegant little plant, 2' 8' high, in moist 

 grounds and grassy fields, growing in dense patches. Very common. April 

 Sept. 



4 CEPHALANTHUS. 



Calyx limb 4-toothed. Corolla tubular, slender, 4-toothed 

 Stamens 4. Style filiform, much exserted. Stigma capitate. 



1. C. occidentalis. Button-bush. 



Leaves oval, entire, smooth, acute, petiolate, opposite, or In verticels of a 

 with short stipules; flowers in large, terminal, globose, pedunculate heads, 

 white. An elegant shrub, with smooth branches and foliage, distinguished 

 from all others by its globular heads of flowers. Common in wet grounds, along 

 streams, and on the borders of ponds. July. 



ORDER LXIII. Dipsaceae. Teasel-family. 



1. DlPSACUS. 



Flowers in heads. Involucre many-leaved, longer than the 

 bracts of the flower; each flower with a 4-leaved involucel.' 

 Calyx-tube adhering to the ovary. Corolla tubular, 4-cleft. Sta- 

 mens 4. Fruit 1-seeded, crowned with the calyx. Per. 



1. D. sylvestris. 



Teazel. 



Prickly; leaves lanceolate-oblong, connate, toothed, or entire, opposite; 

 heads cylindrical; leaflets of the involucre slender, longer than the head, bent 

 inwards ; bracts terminating In a lung straight awn ; flowers blue. A prickly 

 plant, 2 4 feet high, naturalized in waste places. Very abundant in N. York, 

 along the Erie canal. July. 



ORDER LXIV. 



Comp6sitae.- 

 family. 



Composite- 



SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 



SUBORDER I. Tubulifl6raB. 



Flowers either with tubular corollas, or only the marginal ones lignlate and 

 pistillate or sterile. 



Flmoers all tubular. 

 Leaves all alternate. 



GROUP. 1. 



Marginal and central flowers similar, and all perfect Leaves not prickly. 



1. VERN6NIA. Heads erect, many-flowered, in corymbs. Pappus double. 

 Receptacle naked. Achenia cylindrical. 



4 LIATHIS. Heads erect, few to many-flowered, in elongated racemes. 

 Pappus plumose. Receptacle naked. Achenia tapering at base. 



80. SENEOIO. Heads nodding, loosely corymbose. Receptacle not chaffy. 

 Pappus simple, soft, capillary. 



43. XERANTHEMUM. Heads large, terminal, solitary, erect. Disk flowers 

 yellow, surrounded by a conspicuously-colored involucre. Receptacle chaffy. 

 Pappus chaffy. 



46. LAPPA. Heads erect, irregularly panicled. Involucre scales tipped 

 with hooked prickles. Pappus bristly. Receptacle bristly. 



GROUP 2. 



Marginal and central flowers both similar and perfect Leaves prickly. 

 42. CARTHAMUS. Heads orange colored. Receptacle covered with setace- 

 ous chaff. Pappus none. 



44. ONOPOBDON. Heads purple. Receptacle deeply alveolate. Pappus 

 mostly capillary, not plumose. Achenia 4-angled, wrinkled. 



45. CIRSIUM. Heads purple, or yellowish-white. Receptacle bristly. Pap- 

 pua plumose. Achenia compressed, smooth. 



GROUP 3. 



Central flowers perfect Marginal flowers pistillate. 



15. PXUCHEA. Heads purple, corymbed. Central corollas 5-cleft; marginal 

 ones filiform, truncate. Receptacle flat. Pappus capillary. 



81. ARTEMISIA. Heads small, in more or less paniculate racemes. Recep- 

 tacle nearly flat Pappus none. 



82. TANACETUM. Heads yellow, in flat-topped corymbs. Receptacle con- 

 vex. Pappus reduced to a small membranous border. 



83. GKAPHALIUM. Heads yellowish-white, surrounded by scarious, white, 

 or colored involucre-scales, in several rows, densely clustered, or corymbed. 

 Receptacle flat. Woolly herbs. 



35. ERECHTITES. Heads whitish, in a dense paniculate corymb. Involucre 



