ANTAGONISM OF THE MEMBRAL SEGMENTS. 91 



B. The two scapulae vvitli the clavicles and tbe coracoiJ bones are commonly regarded 

 as constituting a sort of belt the scapular arch or shoulder girdle. 



213. Pelvis Pelvic Girdle (Fig. 51). This limb girdle is 

 complete in the cat. Each lateral piece Os innominatum is at- 

 tached to the sacrum by its dorsal end, and ventrad joins its 

 platetrope (fellow of the opposite side) at the symphysis pubis. 

 Th? rounded vertebral end of each os innominatum is the Crista 

 ilii, and the caudal end is the iscMatic tuberosity. 



214. Shoulder and Hip Joints. These are the proximal arthra 

 of the arm and the leg respectively, forming their points of attach- 

 ment with the shoulder girdle and the pelvis. Both are ball-and- 

 socket joints, but the former is the more free, and the position of 

 the entire joint may be changed on account of the suspension of 

 the scapula in the muscles. 



215. Elbow and Knee. These are both hinge joints, the lat- 

 ter being less encompassed by bone, and hence somewhat the freer 

 of the two. At the knee the femur articulates with the tibia only, 

 while the elbow is between the humerus and both the ulna and 

 radius. 



216. Wrist and Ankle. The latter is a true hinge joint, but 

 the former combines features of the hinge and the ball-and-socket 

 varieties. 



217. The Bones of the Limbs. All of these have been named 

 in the Introduction in connection with the description of Fig. 6 

 ( 82-85), and some will be described hereafter with more detail. 

 Reference will be made here only to certain general features of the 

 larger bones, and to the attitudes of the entire limbs. 



Antagonism of the Membral Segments. It will be noted that, 

 excepting the distal segments, the corresponding segments of the 

 limbs point in opposite directions, and that the same antagonism 

 exists between the principal elements of the scapular arch and 

 the pelvic girdle. As a necessary concomitant, any two successive 

 segments, excepting in the case of the manus and antebracTiium, 

 point in opposite directions. 



From this relation of the segments there are two results : First, 

 that the weight of the body rests upon columns which are not only 

 near its opposite ends, but also tend to counteract each other for the 

 most part, so that stability is more easily maintained. Neverthe- 

 less, by exception, the distal segments coincide in direction, so that 

 both Iimb3 may strike the ground in one direction, and thus propel 



