HUMAN RACES. 



shades, from the extreme fairness of the red-haired northern to 

 the swarthy inhabitants of certain parts of the Spanish peninsula 

 and of North Africa. 



64. The Mongol variety (fig. 21) p. 65, differs in several respects 

 from the Caucasian. Their face is flat ; their forehead low, oblique, 

 and angular ; their cheek-bones salient ; their eyes small, and set 

 obliquely ; the chin slightly prominent ; the beard sparse ; the 

 hair long, straight, and black ; and the complexion a yellow or 

 sallow olive. 



The languages spoken by the Mongol variety are extremely 

 different from those of the Caucasian, being for the most part 

 monosyllabic. This variety is spread eastwards over the countries 

 occupied chiefly by the Caucasian races. They are encountered in 

 the great desert of Central Asia, where the Kalmucks and other 

 Mongol tribes are still nomadic. Almost the whole population of 

 the eastern part of Siberia is Mongo ; but the nation which forms 

 the most remarkable part of this race is the Chinese, whose vast 

 empire was, of all parts of the world, the first civilised ; although 

 the exclusive spirit of their laws and customs, which has raised a 

 barrier between them and the rest of mankind, has kept them 

 stationary for ages. 



65. The Malay variety occupies the islands of the Indian Archi- 

 pelago, New Zealand, Chatham Islands, the Society Group, the 

 Philippines and Formosa, and several of the Polynesian Islands. 

 They are dark ; have lank, coarse, and black hair ; flat faces ; and 

 eyes obliquely set. In their moral and social qualities, they vary 

 extremely in different localities ; some being active and ingenious, 

 mild and gentle, and considerably advanced in the arts of life ; 

 while others are ferocious, vindictive, daring, and predatory. To 

 this variety are generally referred a considerable part of the popu- 

 lation of the extreme north of Europe, such as the Greenlanders, 

 Laplanders, Samoides, and Esquimaux. 



66. The Ethiopian variety, or Negro (fig. 22), is characterised by 

 his compressed skull, small facial angle, flat nose, salient jaws, 

 thick lips, woolly and crisped hair, and black skin. The habitation 

 of this variety is south of Mount Atlas, and is spread over all the 

 remainder of the African continent, Madagascar, Australia, Min- 

 danao, Gillolo, the islands of Borneo, Sumbawa, Timor, and New 

 Ireland. It consists of several sub-varieties, such, for example, 

 as the Mozembics, the Bushmen, and the Hottentots. 



67. The American variety is generally characterised by a 

 copper-coloured skin, sparse beard, and long black hair. They 

 differ extremely, however, one from another ; some tribes mani- 

 festing a close analogy to the Mongols, others approaching close 

 to the external characters of Europeans ; the nose is generally 



85 



