INSTINCT AND INTELLIGENCE. 



caresses to induce his master to take him as his companion. 

 In this case there is reasoning, comparison, judgment, and a certain 

 degree of generalisation. The dog generalises the act of putting 

 on the hat, and infers its consequences, he remembers the act done 

 on former occasions, and that it was followed by a walk abroad 

 on the part of the master, and he concludes that what took place 

 before will under like circumstances occur again. 



103. A watch-dog, which was habitually chained to his box, 

 found that his collar was large enough to allow him to withdraw 

 his head from it at will. Reflecting, however, that if he practised 

 this manoeuvre when exposed to the observation of his master or 

 keeper, the repetition of the act would be necessarily prevented 

 by the tightening of the collar, he refrained from practising it by 

 day, but availing himself of the expedient by night, roamed 

 about the adjacent fields which were stocked with sheep and 

 lambs, some of which, on these occasions, he would wound or 

 kill. Bearing on his mouth the marks of his misdeeds, he would 

 go to a neighbouring stream to wash off the blood, having done 

 which he would return to his box before daybreak, and, slipping 

 his head into the collar, lie down in his bed as though he had 

 been there during the night. 



104. In the series of observations and experiments by which 

 F. Cuvier demonstrated the gradually increasing share of intelli- 

 gence given to mammifers, proceeding from the lowest to the 

 highest species, he showed from observations made on the habits 

 and manners of marmots, beavers, squirrels, hares, &c., that 

 rodents in general do not possess even that common degree of 

 intelligence which would enable them in all cases to recognise 

 their master or to know each other. The limited intelligence of 

 the ruminants was shown in the case of a bison in the menagerie 

 of the Garden of Plants, which having learned to recognise its 

 keeper, ceased to know him when he changed his dress, and 

 attacked him as it would have attacked a stranger. The keeper 

 having resumed his original costume, was instantly recognised 

 by the animal. 



Two Barbary rams, which occupied the same stall, having been 

 shorn, ceased to recognise each other, and immediately engaged in 

 battle. 



105. The manners of the elephant and horse are in obvious 

 accordance with the rank assigned to them by Cuvier in the 

 order of intelligence. But the pig species might seem at the 

 first more doubtful. Nevertheless, Cuvier found that it was 

 very little inferior to the elephant in sagacity. He found 

 that the pecari, or South American hog, was as docile and 

 familiar as the best trained dog. The wild boar is easily tamed, 



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