vi CONTENTS. 



PAG* 



lands. 12. The relief of the land. 13. Plains and lowlands. 

 14. Plateaux and table-lauds. 15. Hills. 16. Mountains. 

 17. Systems or chains of mountains. 18. Oceans. 19. Seas. 

 20. Gulfs. 21. Bays. 22. Straits. 23. Channels. 24. Roads 

 and roadsteads. 25. Banks and sand-banks. 26. Reefs. 27. 

 Soundings. 28. Lakes. 29. Rivers. 30. The bed of a river. 

 31. The banks of a river. 32. Tributaries. 33. Valleys. 

 34. Watersheds. 35. Delta. 36. Estuaries. 37. Friths. 

 THE GREAT EASTERN CONTINENT : 38. Its extent and limits. 

 39. Its divisions. 40. The Mediterranean. 41. Relief. 42. 

 Its northern belt. 43. The southern belt. 44. Prevailing 

 mountain chains. 45. Outlines of Europe. 46. White Sea. 

 47. Norway and Sweden. 48. British Isles. 49. France. 

 50. Spain and Portugal. 51. Italy. 52. Sicily. 53. Greece. 

 54. Archipelago. 55. Dardanelles and Bosphorus. 56. The 

 Black Sea. 57. Sea of Azof. 58. The Caspian. 59. Africa. 

 60. Its clirnatological zones. 61. The Tell and Sahara. 62. 

 Valley of the Nile. 63. The central belt. 64. The fourth 

 zone. 65. The southern zone. 66. The coasts . . .129 



CHAP. II. 67. Asia. 68. Its plateaux. 69. The eastern plateaux. 

 70. Its physical character. 71. The western table-land. 

 72. British India : Dekkan plateaux. 73. Australia. 74. 

 Australasia. 75. Polynesia. 76. British Colony : its territory 

 and physical features. 77. Its climate. 78. Vegetable produc- 

 tions. 79. The indigenous animals. 80. Minerals : Gold. 



81. Aboriginal tribes. THE WESTERN, OR NEW CONTINENT : 



82. Its extent and form. 83. Divisions: South America. 84. 

 Central America. 85. North America.- -8 6. Its extent and limits. 

 87. Its political divisions. 88. Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean 

 Sea. 89. Relation between the coasts of the old and new conti- 

 nents. 90. The relief. 91. Chippewayan and Rocky Mountains. 

 92. Cordilleras and Andes. 93. Andes of Patagonia and Chili. 

 94. Andes of Bolivia and Peru. 95. Cordilleras. 96. Potosi. 

 97. Pampas of Patagonia and Buenos Ayres. 98. Selras of 

 the Amazon. 99. Llanos of Orinoco. 100. Alleghanies. 101. 

 Eastern plain of North America. 102. Great valley of the Mis- 

 sissippi. 103. The Prairies. OUTLINES OP THE LAND : 104. 

 The prevalence of the peninsular form. 105. The South Ame- 

 rican peninsula. 106. The North American peninsula. 107. 

 The West Indian Archipelago. 108. The peninsula of Florida. 

 109. Lower California. 110. Greenland. 111. Africa. 

 112. Australia. 113. New Zealand. 114. Similar tendency in 

 smaller regions. 115. The Spanish peninsula. 116. The Ita- 

 lian peninsula 117. The Hellenic peninsula. 118. The 

 Crimea. 119. The Scandinavian peninsula. 120. European 

 peninsula. 121. The Indian peninsula. 122. Further India. 

 123. Hemisphere of most laud. RIVERS : 124. Formation of 

 rivers. 125. Effect of a single ridge. 126. Example in the 

 eastern continent. 127. Example in South America. 128. 

 Effect of parallel ridges. 129. Chief tributaries considerable 

 rivers. 130. Example of Missouri. 131. Trifling elevation of 

 watershed. 132. Portage. 133. Examples of rivers in North 



