. THE FEE-ADAMITE EARTH. 



thence to Spain and Portugal, which had hitherto remained dry 

 land. "In the Mediterranean basin the waters were limited to 

 certain points, and from the prevalence of identical species of 

 organic remains, it is probable that they extended in one 

 direction without interruption to Mount Lebanon in Syria, and 

 in the other into Germany, extending over Westphalia, Saxony, 

 Silesia, and Bohemia. 



The continents were somewhat extended on some of the borders 

 of the basins, especially on the east of the Anglo-Paris basin in 

 France, and upon its west in England ; but they lost extent by the 

 advancement of the sea, as already explained, in Belgium. The 

 land was also diminished by the submersion of a large tract in 

 the west of France, extending from the Loire to Havre. 



433. The seas were animated by numerous fauna, consisting 

 of fishes, new forms of Mollusca among the Gastropods and 

 Lamellibranchia, and a great quantity of Brachiopods which 

 formed extensive submarine banks. There were also innumerable 

 varieties of Bryozoa, Echinodermata, and above all, of Poly- 

 paria. Of all the Cretaceous periods this was perhaps the most 

 animated. 



434. The shores of the seas were furnished with great varieties 

 of marine plants a catalogue of which with a description is due 

 to M. Brongniart. 



The terrestrial flora consisted principally of ferns, palms, 

 cicadese, conifers, and dicotyledonous plants of uncertain fami- 

 lies. 



435. From what has been stated, it will be apparent that slow 

 and local undulations of the ground, similar to what prevail at 

 present in different parts of the earth, were common. 



436. The convulsion which closed this period was that to 

 which M. Elie de Beaumont ascribes the elevation of the system 

 of Monte Yiso (216), the direction of which is ET.N.W. and S.S.E. 



FIFTH CRETACEOUS PERIOD. 



437. The fifth Cretaceous stage denominated Turonian by 

 D'Orbigny, is identical with the eleventh or lower white chalk 

 group of Lyell, including chalk without flints and chalk-marl. 

 It is identical also with the upper planerkalk of Saxony, and also 

 with the chalk formation of Mantell. 



438. The principal generic forms of the fauna of this period are 

 shown in the following table : 



110 



