METHODS OF RELIGIOUS TEACHING 311 



community has suffered from frequent civil war. Russia, 

 with its Polish rebellion, is the principal exception, but there 

 the power, not the will has been wanting ; for conspiracies 

 against the government are more common in Russia than 

 elsewhere. Civil wars have become extremely rare in hereti- 

 cal countries. As regards foreign war heretical nations have 

 almost invariably vanquished orthodox nations. Almost every 

 orthodox community is ruled by a police, organized and 

 armed on a military basis ; heretical communities generally 

 by one on a civil basis. The amount of violent crime, espe- 

 cially murder, is much greater in all orthodox than in any 

 heretical communities. It is greatest among the most ortho- 

 dox. Where the orthodox mingle with the heretical the 

 same proportion of crime is maintained. Under such con- 

 ditions, moreover, as a rule which has few exceptions, the 

 heretical, owing to their greater efficiency, are the more 

 successful in the battle of life. They occupy the more lucra- 

 tive and authoritative positions, the orthodox becoming the 

 hewers of wood and drawers of water. In every great city, 

 whether in the Old World or the New, where the orthodox 

 and the heretical mingle, the former comprise the poorest 

 class. Until very lately, when heresy has spread widely in 

 orthodox lands, and the pressure of heretical civilization is 

 universally felt, almost every mountain range and forest tract 

 in orthodox Europe had its band or bands of brigands. Brig- 

 andage has been very rare among settled heretical communities. 

 Orthodox parliaments generally present scenes of violence 

 and disorder; the proceedings of heretical parliaments, on 

 the other hand, are generally orderly except when disturbed 

 by a band of the orthodox ; in which case the latter usually 

 quarrel fiercely among themselves. The dying and dead 

 nations of Europe are all orthodox ; the rising nations are all 

 heretical. The education of the youth in schools is more 

 thorough and rational among the heretical. During the last 

 century and a half the progress of the civilized world has been 

 very rapid. This period, which has been that of the greatest 

 heresy, of the greatest intellectual freedom, has been unusually 

 prolific in great men men, good or bad, who have towered 

 over their contemporaries and achieved world- wide fame 

 statesmen, naval and military heroes, scientific men, philo- 

 sophers, historians, poets, novelists, explorers, engineers, 

 inventors, accumulators of wealth, thinkers and men of action 

 of all sorts. If the reader will put down this volume for a 

 few minutes and try to recall to mind as many as possible of 

 the men of transcendent achievements, who during the last 



