XII] NUMBER, ETC., OF CARPELS 107 



The Cornel, Elder, Honeysuckles and their allies 

 afford numerous examples of bi- and tri-carpellary inferior 

 ovaries ; and in the Bilberry, Cranberry, Cowberry, &c., we 

 have instances of four or five carpels thus fused into an 

 inferior ovary. 



It is not always easy to determine the number of 

 carpels in the field ; but in the numerous cases where the 

 stigma is lobed the number of its divisions usually indi- 

 cate the number of carpels, just as do the placenta and 

 chambers of the ovary : nevertheless there are a kw 

 exceptions to the rule, and the question whether a flower 

 is monocarpellary, or bi- or polycarpellary is occasionally 

 difficult to answer forthwith. This difficulty is sometimes 

 due to the abortion of one or more carpels as the flower 

 ages, and this abortion may be confined to styles or 

 stigmas, or to fusions, as is very commonly the case with 

 stigmas on a simple style. 



The rule is that the stigma of entomophilous flowers 

 i.e. such as are pollinated by insects are small 

 and sticky, serving to catch the pollen, which usually 

 has a rough papillose coat in such cases, as the insect 

 rubs it against the viscid surface : in wind-pollinated 

 (anemophilous) flowers, on the other hand, the rule is 

 that the stigmas are large or abundantly branched, 

 feathery, &c., and offer a large surface to the pollen-laden 

 wind. 



The pistil is apocarpous in 



Clematis Blackberry Dog Rose 



Eglantine Field Rose Raspberry 



Dewberry >urnet Rose Downy Rose 

 Plane. 



When only one carpel composes the ovary, the pistil 

 is more accurately described as monocarpellar 



