CHAPTER V. 



BRANCHING. 



Origin of shoots on old stems and branches Epicormic branches 

 Stool-shoots Suckers Epicormic branches Origin from 

 dormant buds Trees producing them Stool-shoots Origin 

 from callus Trees producing them Suckers Origin within 

 roots Trees producing them Trees not producing suckers. 



WE have now seen from the foregoing, and from the 

 discussion of buds and shoots in Vol. I., that the initial 

 disposition of the buds on the twigs, their development 

 into long- or dwarf-shoots, the casting of shoots already 

 developed, and the occurrence of accessory and of adven- 

 titious buds, with the resulting after-formation of branches 

 in unexpected places, are all factors of importance in the 

 determination of the mode of branching, and therefore 

 in the shaping of the tree ; while the initial angles of 

 divergence of the shoots, and their subsequent curvatures 

 and changes of direction due to the action of light, gravi- 

 tation, wind, and other factors of the environment, also 

 play prominent parts in deciding the ultimate form of 

 the branch-system. 



It is now time to consider somewhat more in detail 

 the origin of shoots on old stems and branches, which bear 

 no obvious relation to the normal buds of the tree, or in 



