VII] BARK OF BIRCH 93 



by the peculiar constitution of the periderm, which is 

 composed of alternating layers of thin-walled cuboidal 

 cork-cells empty of recognisable contents, and of tougher 

 flattened cells often rilled with brown debris: although 



Fig. 44. Birch (Betula alba) : rough bark and base of stem (Irv). 



the whole mass is only a few millimetres thick it may 

 flake off in thin broad ring-like papery lamella?, often 

 to the number of 20 or more in a year. As the stem 

 of the Birch approaches 20 years old and upwards, 



