160 ALDER. ELM 



catkin ; 10, one of its scales bearing two female flowers, seen separately 

 in 11 ; 12 14, fruiting scales seen from above, from below and from 

 the front; 15, 16, the fruit whole and in section; 17, ripe cone-like 

 fruiting catkins; 18, one of the cone-like catkins after shedding its fruits; 

 19, a twig ; 20, section of branch (Wi). 



50 feet. Crown usually more or less oblong. Bark on 

 old stem deeply fissured, with broad flat ridges cut into 

 scales by cross fissures: remaining smooth and slate- 

 coloured to deep olive-black for a long time on the 

 branches. The curious oblong black cone-like empty 

 infructescences, in branched groups of three or four, are 

 unmistakable. Buds stalked and purplish. 



Foliage not black in the mass, but bright 

 or pale green; bark not black-olive. JVo 

 woody cone-like catkins. Stem more or 

 less branched and lost in the crown, and 

 limbs ascending at acute angles. 

 Heavy, but bright green foliage. Spray 

 distichous and much branched, the twigs 

 curved and crossing in a light tracery. 

 Crown irregularly elongated and dif- 

 fuse. Bark deeply fissured, dark grey ; 

 stem very apt to throw out epicormic 

 branches. Flowers purplish-brown in 

 tufts, followed by flat oval winged 

 samaras. 



Ulmus campestris, L. Common Elm (Figs. 71, 97). 

 Crooked tall stem breaking above into a roughly cylindroid 

 head with irregularly spreading, zig-zag branches, and 

 trellis-like distichous spray ; buds small. Foliage bright 

 green, as are also the flat oval fruits derived from the 

 very early dense tufts of purplish-brown flowers. Crown 

 often conical with long bare stem, strong ascending limbs 

 and close branches, (See also p. 202.) 



Foliage light, and branching sparse, 

 so that the crown is open. Bark not 

 deeply fissured nor dark grey. 



