PRICKLY SHRUBS 237 



leaves as in Barberry, but berries blue-black with waxy 

 bloom. The twigs deep shining green. 



The Holly is often met with as a bush, and in that 

 case comes here on account of its spinose-toothed glossy 

 evergreen leaves (see p. 155). 



!~1 Spinose subulate glaucous leaves in whorls 

 of three. Flowers as small cones, becoming 

 fleshy, blue-black "berries." 



Juniperus commit nis, L. Juniper. Already dealt with 

 as a straggling shrub (see p. 227). 



Mention may here be made of the curious little sub- 

 shrubby Monocotyledon, Ruscus aculeatus, L., the Butcher's 

 Broom, occasionally found under hedges. It is 1 2 feet 

 high, and has rigid flat spinescent branches (cladodes) 

 bearing scales and flowers on the face, and springing from 

 the axils of scales reduced leaves. 



The armature consists of superficial prickles 

 scattered on the internodes, midribs, &c., and 

 neither axillary nor themselves bearing buds, 

 &c. in their axils. Flowers rosaceous. 



/~7 Twigs long and ascending, with waxy 

 bloom, and straight or curved prickles. 

 Leaves 3 5-foliolate, white hoary beneath. 

 Fruit a collection of drupels. 



Rubus Idceus, L. Raspberry. A bush, 2 5 feet in 

 height ; the ascending twigs at length overhanging, smooth, 

 round, and with very slender prickles and glandular hairs, 

 often twisted and finely striate, pale yellowish to brownish 

 or olive. Some branches with curved prickles, others with 

 straight ones only. 



OO Twigs devoid of waxy bloom. Leaves 

 pinnate, and not hoary beneath. Fruit 

 ovoid or urceolate, red, with remains of 

 calyx, &c. at the tip. 



