JUNIPERUS 677 



pointed, ^ to in. long, arranged in opposite pairs in four superposed rows, 

 the upper surface having two glaucous lines separated by a green one ; scale- 

 like leaves o\j to ^ in. long, pointed, and with a hollow at the back. 

 Intermediate" forms occur. Fruit J- to in. diameter, roundish, covered 

 with glaucous bloom when ripe. 



Native of S.W. Europe and N. Africa ; long introduced, but rare. It. 

 is fairly hardy at Kew, and is now about 30 ft. high, most of its foliage 

 being of the juvenile or intermediate kind. Its young shoots are nevertheless 

 occasionally much cut by severe winters, as they were in that of 1908-9. 

 The trees are unisexual. 



J. VIRGINIANA, Linnaus. RED CEDAR. 



A tree usually 40 to 50, occasionally 60 to 100 ft. high ; the bark peeling 

 off in long loose strips. It is pyramidal when young, becoming more round- 

 topped with age. Leaves of both awl-shaped (juvenile), and scale-like (adult) 

 forms on the same tree. The former, arranged in pairs, are \ to J in. long, 

 pointed, concave inside and glaucous except on the margins, grey-green 

 and convex outside, pointing forward. Scale-leaves ^ in. long, ovate, 

 pointed (sometimes slenderly), thickened and convex outside, overlapping. 

 Young specimens have none other than the awl-shaped type of leaf; as 

 they grow older, branches of scale-like leaves appear until, in the adult state, 

 the tree bears scarcely any other, and it is on these that the fruits are borne ; 

 fruits, however, are sometimes to be seen on branches bearing an intermediate 

 type of leaf. Male and female flowers are usually separated on different trees, 

 but occasionally appear on the same. Fruits roundish, J in. long, scarcely 

 so wide, covered with a blue glaucous bloom, carrying one or two seeds. 



Native of the eastern and Central United States and eastern Canada ; 

 introduced about the middle of the seventeenth century. " This juniper is 

 by far the commonest and largest of the arborescent species cultivated 

 in gardens. The largest I have seen is at Arley Castle in Shropshire, 

 nearly 70 ft. high and 5 ft. in girth of trunk, but according to Elwes there 

 is one at Pains Hill, 13 ft. 9 ins. in girth. It likes a well-drained loamy 

 soil, is perfectly hardy, and altogether one of the best thriving of Eastern 

 N. American trees in this country, especially on chalky soils. From the 

 next most common of tree-like junipers, J. chinensis, this in all its 

 forms is best distinguished by its awl-shaped leaves being always in 

 pairs, and by its scale-like leaves being always pointed. Small plants 

 are like J. Sabina, but that is to be distinguished by its peculiar rank 

 smell when crushed. 



Under cultivation J. virginiana has produced a good number of varieties 

 owing to its variability when raised from seed. Of these varieties the 

 following are the most distinct : . 



Var. AUREO-VARIEGATA. A proportion of the young shoots are yellow, 

 sometimes wholly, sometimes the tips only. Vars. AUREO-SPICA and 

 ELEGANTISSIMA are improved forms of this. 



Var. BEDFORDIANA (syn. J, Gossaintheana, Loddiges). A tree of columnar 

 form, with long slender branches, pendulous at the ends. The habit is 

 elegant, and the leaves never appear to assume the quite short scale-like 

 form, but remain either in the juvenile or intermediate states. More tender 

 than the type, and possibly belonging really to J. barbadensis, a sub- 

 tropical representative of J. virginiana found in the southern United States and 

 West Indies. 



Var. DUMOSA. Of close, rounded form, always dwarf ; leaves bright 

 green. COMPACTA and HUMILIS are the same or similar. 



Var. GLAUCA (syn. argentea). Leaves silvery grey during the spring and 

 summer, changing to green. 



