Juniperus x 439 



10. The dwarf forms are often likey. Sabina, and are hard to distinguish in the 

 absence of fruits, except by the much stronger disagreeable odour of the bruised 

 branchlets of the latter species. (A. H.) 



Distribution 



The distribution of this species, as now limited by Sargent, 1 is as follows : 

 From southern Nova Scotia and New Brunswick southward, often close to the sea- 

 coast, to Georgia, southern Alabama and Mississippi, westward to the valley of the 

 lower Ottawa river, eastern Dakota, eastern Nebraska, Kansas, Indian Territory, 

 and eastern Texas ; not ascending the mountains of New England and New York, 

 nor the high southern Alleghanies ; in middle Kentucky and Tennessee and 

 northern Alabama and Mississippi, covering great areas of low rolling limestone hills 

 with nearly pure forests of small bushy trees. 



In New England it is very common in the south, rarer in Maine, New Hamp- 

 shire, and Vermont ; but nowhere, so far as I saw, attains the size of old trees in 

 England. Dame and Brooks 2 give 25 to 40 ft. with a trunk diameter of 8 to 20 in. 

 as the average size, and I saw none larger. It grows here on principally dry, rocky, 

 and exposed hills, but also sometimes in wet ground ; and on the abandoned culti- 

 vated fields which are so numerous in the hilly and poorer parts of Massachusetts 

 is taking possession of the soil in many places. At Boston I noticed that both in 

 Prof. Sargent's own grounds and in the Arboretum, pencil cedar was coming up 

 freely from seed ; and I have no doubt it will be planted largely in suitable localities 

 farther south. The rapidly increasing demand for its useful wood has cleared out the 

 accessible timber already in many districts. 



In Canada, it is a comparatively rare tree, and is confined 3 to the limestone 

 districts in the St. Lawrence valley and along Lake Ontario to the Niagara peninsula, 

 where considerable areas were covered with it in 1888. All the timber of any value 

 has now been cut here, as it has been in New England generally. 



Mohr says that there is hardly any tree in the Eastern States which is so 

 indifferent to soil and climate as the juniper. It thrives in the valley of the St. 

 Lawrence and in New England, often growing on barren hillsides where few trees 

 succeed ; on the exposed arid regions of Kansas and Nebraska, in air and climate 

 with great extremes of heat and cold ; on the limestone plateaux and hills of the 

 south-western States, and on the deep soil of the coast of Georgia, but not ascending 

 the mountains or descending to the alluvial river bottoms. It attains its maximum 

 development south of lat. 36 , where in Alabama it is sometimes as much as 

 100 ft. in height, but is much oftener 60 to 70 ft. high, and in the north rarely 

 exceeds 40 to 50 ft. and is often a mere shrub. As a rule it is scattered among other 

 trees and forms a small proportion of the forest ; but in the so-called " Cedar Barrens " 

 of Tennessee, it formerly formed an almost pure forest extending over large areas ; 



1 Sargent, in Garden and Forest, viii. 61, fig. 9 (1895), gives an excellent illustration of a mature tree near Wawa Station, 

 Delaware County, Pennsylvania. 



* Trees of New England, 27 (1 902). 



3 Britton and Shafer, North American Trees, 1 17 (1908), state that it also occurs in poor and rocky soil in Nova Scotia 

 and New Brunswick ; and there is a specimen in the Kew herbarium from Newfoundland. 



VI P 



