1 866 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland 



Ulmus major, var. heterophylla, Maximowicz and Ruprecht, in Bull. Acad. Ptttrsb. xv. 139 (1857). 

 Ulmus laciniata, Mayr, Fremdliind. Wald- u. Parkbdume, 523 (1906). 

 Ulmus scabra, var. heterophylla, Schneider, Laubholzkunde, i. 218 (1904). 



Young branchlets glabrous or with a few scattered hairs. Leaves, at the end 

 of the branchlets, large, 6 to 7 in. long, 3 to 4 in. wide ; usually with three, occa- 

 sionally five, large cuspidate-acuminate lobes ; upper surface scabrous, with minute 

 tubercles, each of which bears a short bristle ; lower surface covered with a dense 

 soft pubescence. Samara, about in. long, \ in. wide ; narrower than in the type. 



This is a common form of U. montana in eastern Asia, where it is widely 

 spread, but apparently mixed with the typical form in Amurland, Manchuria, 

 Saghalien, and Japan. Both normal and tricuspidate leaves occur occasionally on 

 the same individual tree. Similar leaves * in all respects occur on coppice shoots and 

 on epicormic branches of U. montana in Europe, but are rarely seen on ordinary 

 branches. In eastern Asia the peculiar tricuspidate leaves occur normally on adult 

 trees ; and young trees raised in the Arnold Arboretum from Japanese seed preserve 

 the remarkable character of the foliage. 



Sargent states 2 that in Japan this variety is usually a small tree, about 30 ft. 

 high; but Mayr says that it attains 100 ft. in height in the broad-leaved forests of 

 central Yezo. 



The inner bark of this tree is taken off in narrow strips by the Ainos, and after 

 being soaked in water, is woven into a coarse cloth, from which they make their 

 garments. It is also woven into baskets, of which Elwes brought home specimens. 

 The wood is not used at present to any extent ; but may possibly become a sub- 

 stitute for Canadian rock elm when the latter becomes scarce. 



II. The following varieties have arisen in cultivation : 

 2. Var. fastigiata? Loudon, op. cit. 1 399. 



Ulmus Fordii and Ulmus exoniensis, Loudon, op. cit. 1399. 



Branches directed vertically upwards. Leaves clustered at the ends of short 

 shoots, dark green, small, obovate, more or less uneven and wrinkled on the surface ; 

 margin with coarse serrated teeth. 



This variety was raised at Exeter by Mr. Ford about 1826, and hence is gener- 

 ally known as Ford's elm or the Exeter elm. The finest specimen which we have 

 seen is one in Canon Ellacombe's garden at Bitton, which was 65 ft. by 12 ft. in 

 1908. There are two good trees at Bayfordbury, 45 ft. by 5 ft. 8 in., and 35 ft. by 

 6 ft. 8 in. in 191 1. At Drumlanrig Castle, Elwes measured a fine specimen 60 ft. by 

 8 ft. in 191 1. One at Dawyck is reported by Mr. F. R. S. Balfour to be 48 ft. by 

 7^ ft. in 191 1. 



1 Leaves gathered by Elwes in Croatia, and others taken by me from the epicormic branches of a tree at Wyfold Grange, 

 Henley, are identical with specimens collected in Japan by Elwes, who found it growing with U. japonica in a virgin forest 

 near Asahigawa in Yezo. Trees with tricuspidate leaves occurring in Galicia have been named U. montana, var. corylifolia, 

 Zapalowicz, Consp. Fl. Galic. ii. 98 (1908). Similar trees are said by Koch, Dendrologie, ii. pt. i. 415 (1872), to have been 

 propagated in gardens under the names U. tricuspis, U. tridens, U. triserrata, and U. intermedia. 



* Garden and Forest, vi. 323 (1893), and Forest Flora of Japan, 57 (1894). 



8 There are several small trees at Kew, with ascending branches, which have been obtained under various names, as 

 var. etrusca, var. gigantea, and var. macrophylla fastigiata ; but none of these appear to me to be distinct enough to deserve a 

 special name. 



