Canadian Hemlock 



65 



The name is Japanese, Tsuga being the name for two of their most impor- 

 tant timber trees. 



The astringent bark of all the species is extensively used in tanning. 



Cones ovoid to oval; leaves blunt or notched, flat. 

 Eastern trees; cones stalked. 



Northern tree; cone-scales nearly round, appressed. i. T. canadensis. 



Southern tree; cone-scales oblong, longer than wide, spreading. 2. T. caroliniana. 



Western tree; cones sessile. 3. T. hetcrophylla. 



Cones cylindric to oblong-cylindric; leaves keeled above; western tree. 4. T. Mertensiana. . 



I. CANADIAN HEMLOCK Tsuga canadensis (Linnaeus) Carriere 



Pinus canadensis Linnaeus 



This well-known tree, also called Hemlock spruce, New England hemlock, 

 Spruce, and Spruce pine, occurs from 

 Nova Scotia to Alabama, and west to 

 Minnesota ; south of New Jersey, however, 

 it is found mostly in the mountains; at 

 the north it forms extensive pure forests, 

 reaching its maximum height of 31 me- 

 ters, with a trunk diameter of 12 dm. 



The branches are long and slender, 

 horizontal, or drooping below, ascending 

 above, forming a dense beautiful conic 

 tree. The bark is 0.5 to 2 cm. thick, 

 furrowed into flat, connected plates, cov- 

 ered by rounded scales, grayish brown 

 to purplish red. The slender twigs are 

 hairy and yellowish brown, becoming 

 smooth and gray-brown or purplish red. 

 The winter buds are rather blunt-pointed 

 and light brown. The leaves are linear, 

 6 to 14 mm. long, rounded or sometimes 

 notched at the end, entire or somewhat toothed and revolute toward the apex, 

 yellowish green when young, dark green, shining and furrowed above, whitish and 

 stomatiferous beneath; they persist for about three years. The staminate flowers 

 are globular, 2 mm. long and yellowish. The pistillate flowers are oblong, 5 mm. 

 long, and pale green. The cones are short-stalked, ovoid, 1.5 to 2.5 cm. long, 

 rather blunt-pointed, red-brown, maturing in the autumn and shedding their seed 

 during the first winter, faUing off during the next season; the scales are nearly or- 

 bicular, their tips brownish, spreading but little on shedding the seeds, which 

 are oblong, about 4 mm. long, and have several resin cells; the wings are 

 about 8 mm. long, obliquely oblong, blunt. 



Fig. 51. Canadian Hemlock. 



