The Junipers 107 



distilled from the fruit of some species, known as oil of juniper berries, is aromatic, 

 stimulant and diuretic, while spirits distilled with or through the berries of the 

 common Juniper constitutes the gin of commerce. The berries are also used in 

 medicine; a tar is made by the destructive distillation of the wood of Juniperus 

 Oxycedrus Linnaeus, of Europe, known in the drug trade as oil of cade. The 

 fleshy fruit of Juniperus drupacea Labillardiere, of Greece and Syria, is succulent 

 and edible. Some of the species and many of their horticultural varieties and 

 forms are much esteemed for decorative planting. 



They have opposite or verticillate, sessile, awl-shaped, or scale-hke leaves, 

 usually of two kinds; the leaf- buds are scaly or naked. The flowers are dioecious 

 or monoecious, very small, terminal or axillary, globose to oblong. The staminate 

 ones are composed of a slender axis with several opposite or temate stamens 

 with short filaments; their connectives are entire or slightly toothed, yellow, ovate 

 or broader than long, bearing from 2 to 6 oblong, 2-valved anther-cells opening 

 lengthwise. The pistillate flowers are composed of a few mostly opposite ovate, 

 fleshy scales, each bearing i or rarely 2 erect ovules, subtended by many scale- 

 like bracts which persist at the base of the usually globular fruit. The fruit is 

 a short stalked cone, berr)'-like in many species, formed by the fusion of the 

 scales of the pistillate flower, requiring one, two, or three years to mature; it is 

 black, blue, or reddish in color, often with a bluish bloom, smooth, or roughened 

 by the projecting tips of the scales. The flesh is juicy, resinous and glandular, 

 or in some species sweet, and nearly dry; seeds solitary to several, ovoid, sharp 

 or blunt-pointed, round or angled, often grooved lengthwise, wingless, smooth or 

 rough; endosperm fleshy; embr}^o straight; cotyledons 2 to 6. 



The name is the ancient name of the Juniper, the type species being Juniperus 

 communis Linnaeus. 



Flowers axillary; leaves narrowly linear-lanceolate and prickle-pointed. 



[True Juniperus.^ i. /. communis. 



Flowers terminal; leaves of two kinds, scale-like and awl-shaped. [Genus 

 Sabina.] 

 Fruit reddish brown, at least when old, dry, and fibrous. 

 Seeds solitary or few; cotyledons 4 to 6. 

 Leaves glandular. 



Seed 6 to 8 mm. long, not grooved or but little; California tree. 2. /. calijornica. 

 Seed 4 to 6 mm. long, much grooved; Texas tree. 3. J. Pinchoti. 



Leaves not glandular. 4. /. utahensis. 



Seeds 4 to 12; cotyledons 2; southwestern trees. 



Bark thin, separating into papery scales; leaves acute or acumi- 

 nate. 5. /. faccida. 

 Bark 2 to 10 cm. thick, separating into thick plates; leaves minutely 

 pointed. 6. /. pachyphlaa. 

 Fruit blue, juicy, resinous. 



Leaves denticulate; western trees. 



Twigs stout; leaves in 3's, glandular on the back. ..^^ 7. /. occidentalis. 



Twigs slender; leaves mostly in 2's, usually glandless. 



