Cedar Elm 



345 



sided. The flowers are small, variously clustered, and almost always perfect, 

 though sometimes polygamous, vernal in most of the species and then appearing 

 before the leaves, autumnal in a few species and then appearing in the axils of 

 leaves of the season. The usually bell-shaped calyx is from 4-lobed to 9-lobed, 

 the lobes sometimes extending nearly to its base; it remains permanently attached 

 to the fruit; there is no corolla; the stamens are about as many as the calyx-lobes, 

 with filaments mostly longer than the calyx and short oval or oblong anthers; 

 the ovary is sessile or borne on a stipe, laterally flattened, and usually i-celled 

 (rarely 2-celled); there are 2 styles, stigmatic along the inner side; there is but 

 I ovule. The fruit is a samara, usually winged all around the seed-bearing 

 part, except at the apex, the wing flat and membranous. 



The European species, Ulmus campestris Linnaeus, is the type of the genus; 

 it is much planted for ornament and shade. 



Autumn-flowering; flowers in the axils of leaves of the season; southern trees, 

 their branches sometimes corky-winged. 

 Leaves obtuse, very rough above; samara-wing short-ciliate. 

 Leaves acute or acuminate, smooth or nearly so above; samara-wing long- 

 ciliate. 

 Spring-flowering; flowers appearing before the leaves. 

 At least some of the branches corky-winged; samara-faces pubescent. 

 Leaves 5 to 13 cm. long; flowers racemose; northern tree. 

 Leaves 2 to 10 cm. long; flowers fascicled; southern tree. 

 None of the branches corky-winged. 

 Leaves smooth or somewhat roughened above; samara-faces glabrous; 



pedicel longer than the calyx. 

 Leaves very rough above; samara-faces pubescent over the seed, the 

 margins not ciliate; pedicel shorter than the calyx. 



I. CEDAR ELM Ulmus crassifolia 



Nuttall 



Preferring moist soil, and most abun- 

 dant in river valleys, the Cedar elm occurs 

 from southern Arkansas to Mississippi, 

 Texas, and northern Mexico. It attains a 

 maximum height of about 30 meters and a 

 trunk diameter of about i meter; the 

 branches are usually drooping. 



The thick brown bark is deeply fissured 

 and the flattened ridges are scaly. The 

 young twigs are reddish and finely velvety; 

 they sometimes develop thin corky wings, 

 occasionally i cm. wide. The leaves are 

 firm in texture, oblong to ovate, blunt, finely 



Fig. 302. Cedar Elm. 



