LXVl. C7LMA^CE^ : f/'LMUS. ^715 



U'hMUS L. Flowers polygamous. Fruit a samara. 

 Pla'ner.^ Gmelin. Flowers polygamous. Fruit drj'. 

 Ce'ltis Tourn. Flowers polygamous. Fruit a drupe. 



Genus I. 



C7'LMUS L. The Elm. Lin. Si/st. Pentandria Digy/iia. ' 



Identification. Lin. Gen., 123. ; Sm. Engl. Fl., 2. p. 1, 2. and 19. 



Synonymes. Orme, Fr. ; Ulm, or Riistcr, Ger. ; Olmo, Ital. 



Derivation. U'lmus is supposed to be derived from the Saxon word elm, or ulm ; a name which is 

 applied, with very slight altcratinns, to this tree, in all the dialects of the Celtic tongue. Ulm is 

 still one of the German names for the elm ; and the city of Ulm is said to derive its name from 

 the great number of elm trees that are growing near it. There are above forty places in England 

 mentioned in the Doomsday-Book, which take their names from that of the elm ; such as Barn 

 Elms, Nine Elms, &c. 



Gen. Char,, S^c. Flowers in lateral groups, proceeding from peculiar buds, 

 and protruded before the leaves ; bisexual ; monoecious. Calyx reddish, 

 distinct from the ovary, top-shaped or bell-shaped, of one piece, but having 

 5 or 4 8 segments, which imbricate in aestivation ; remaining until the 

 fruit falls. Stamens as many as the segments. Style short or wanting. 

 Stigmas 2, acuminate. Fruit a samara, with a membranous wing. (G. Don.) 

 Leaves simple, alternate, stipulate, deciduous ; serrate, feather-nerved, 

 harsh to the touch, generally unequal at the base. Floivers small, whitish 

 or reddish. Decaying leaves rich yellow. Trees, deciduous; natives of 

 Europe, Asia, and North America. The species are propagated by seeds, 

 and the varieties by grafting. 



The elm is remarkable for the aptitude of the different species to vary from 

 seed ; so much so that it is extremely difficult to say, in this genus, which are 

 species and which are varieties ; or even to what species the varieties belong. 

 To us it appears, that there are only two British sorts which are truly distinct ; 

 viz. U. campestris and U. montana. U. americana, and, perhaps, some 

 other of the American species may also be distinct. Great attention has been 

 j paid to this genus by Mr. Masters of Canterbury, who has raised many sorts, 

 i both from American and European seeds, and whose collection will be found 

 described in the 1st edition of this work, and in the Gard. Mag. vol. xiii. 

 p. 28. U. glabra and U. major seem intermediate between U. campestris 

 and U. montana. U. effusa appears very distinct ; but is probably only a 

 variety of U. campestris. Of all the numerous varieties which may be pro- 

 cured in British nurseries, the best kinds for cultivation for their timber 

 a[)pear to be, the Huntingdon elm ( U. m. glabra vegeta), and the Wych elm 

 I ( f.^. montana) ; and for ornament the weeping elm ( C/. montana pendula), 

 ! the sub-evergreen elm (JJ. campestris virens), and the twiggy elm {U. cam- 

 : pestris viminalis). The sucker-bearing elms are chiefly tlie varieties of U. 

 campestris, and these seldom produce seeds ; but U. montana, and U. m. 

 glabra, and their varieties, which never throw up suckers, produce seeds in the 

 greatest abundance every year. U. campestris does indeed produce seeds 

 occasionally, though rarely, in England ; and the U. c. viminalis is a British 

 seedling, raised by Mr. Masters. In France, U. campestris ripens seeds 

 much more freely, and these have given rise, in that country, to innumerable 

 varieties. The whole cenus, it will readily be conceived, is in a state of great 

 confusion. See Arb. Brit., 1st edit., p. 1409, 



j f 1. i7. campe'stris L. The English, field, or common small-leaved. Elm, 



\ Identification. Lin. Sp. PI., 327. ; Sm. Engl. F!., 2. p. 20. . 

 f'ynonymcs. f/'lmus ^tinia Pliny Nat. Hist. lib. 16. cap. 17. and lib. 17. cap. U. ; U. minor, folio 



angusto scabro, Gcr. E^nac. 14s0. i. ; Olmo pyramidale, Ital. 

 l-.ngrainngs. Engl. Bot., t. 1886. ; N. Du Ham., 2. t. 42. ; the plates in Arb. Brit., 1st edit., vol. vii. ; 



and our fig. 1394. 



