55 



over the bark, finally attaching themselves to it with their rostra. 

 The larva secretes a substance which covers it, and soon it moults. 

 The moulted skins go to form the scale over the insect's back. 

 Hibernation takes place in the second immature stage. The April 

 following, the second stage males pass into the pupal stage, which 

 lasts three weeks, and then the adult males emerge. At the same 

 time, the second stage females go through their last moult and 

 emerge, when they pair with the adult males. 



Insecticides. Fumigate the trees with hydrocyanic acid gas. 



Winter washing with the caustic preparation, before mentioned, 

 will cause many scales to wither and get stuck to the bark, in which 

 case they cannot breathe and so die. 



For summer spraying a paraffin emulsion is best, using : 



Soft soap . . . . . 2j Ib. 



Paraffin . . . . . .20 ounces. 



Water . . . . . 9l gallons. 



Churn the paraffin thoroughly with the water and use as soon as 

 possible, for if kept the paraffin will separate out. 



" BITING INSECTS." 



i. CODLING MOTH, Carpocapsa pomonella. ORDER LEPIDOPTERA. 



This insect also attacks the pear and plum. 



It is not, as its name suggests, confined to codlin apples. 



Great care should be taken in storing apples to see that they are 

 not infected at all, for if they are the larvae will crawl out of the 

 fruit, pupate in the cracks of the fruit room, and the moths will fly 

 out and attack the apple trees the following year. 



The moth is small, being about three-quarters of an inch across 

 the spread wings, and one-third of an inch in length. The fore wings 

 are deep grey, with several wavy brown lines, and at their extremities 

 are oval patches of a deep golden colour, this marking identifying 

 this moth. The hinder wings are darker, having a golden tinge and 

 a lustrous shimmer. When the moth is at rest, during the day- 

 time, on the trunks and branches of the apple, &c., it folds its wings 

 in the form of a roof over its body. 



The larva is at first white in colour, with a shiny black head, three 

 pairs of claw feet, with four pairs of sucker feet in the middle of the 

 body and a pair at the end. When full grown it is three-quarters 

 of an inch long, the head then being brown and the body flesh- 

 coloured. 



The pupa is yellowy-brown, with spines on the abdominal segments, 

 which are used for pushing the pupa out of its cocoon. 



The egg is flat and oval and as large as a pin's head, white when 

 laid and having a reddish ring on it later. 



The moths appear at the end of May, flying about in early evening. 



