GRAFTING. CUTTING THE CIONS. 107 



Chip-budding (Fig. 100} is a method which inserts a chip 

 of bark and wood into a mortise in the stock. It is used 

 in spring, when the stock is dormant and the bark does not 

 slip. It is held in place by tying, and it is better for being 

 covered with wax. 



3. GRAFTING. 



Grafting is the operation of inserting a cion or a twig 

 comprising one or more buds into the stock, usually into 

 an incision made in the wood. It is divided or classified 

 in various ways, but chiefly with reference to the position 

 of the union upon the plant, and to the method in which 

 the cion and stock are joined. In reference to position, 

 there are four general classes: i. Root-grafting, in which 

 the stock is entirely a root. 2. Crown-grafting, which is 

 performed upon the crown or collar of the plant just at the 

 surface of the ground, an operation which is often con- 

 founded with root-grafting. 3. Stem-grafting, in which the 

 cion is set on the trunk or body of the tree below the 

 limbs, a method occasionally employed with young trees. 

 4. Top-grafting, or grafting in the branches of the tree. 

 Any method of inserting the cion may be employed in 

 these classes. The best classification, particularly for pur- 

 poses of description, is that which considers methods of 

 making the union. Some of these kinds of grafting are 

 catalogued on pages 80 and 81. The most important 

 methods of grafting are now to be considered ; but al- 

 most endless modifications may be made in the details of 

 the operations. The union of the cion with the stock, 

 like the union of the bud and the stock, depends upon 

 the growing together of the cambial tissue of the two. 

 It is, therefore, essential that the tissue lying between the 

 outer bark and the wood in the cion should come closely 

 in contact with the similar tissue of the stock. 



Cions are cut in fall or winter, or any time before the 

 buds swell in spring. Only the previous year's growth is 



