14 CONTENTS 



CHAPTEE XXI 



PAGE 



THE RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF TRADITION AND HEREDITY 437 



(1) Definite conclusions are difficult to reach. (2) History in the 

 intermediate period was due to germinal change. (3) The natural 

 endowment of America, (4) Asia, (5) Africa, (6) and of other regions, 

 (7) and their geographical features, (8) suggests that history in the 

 subsequent periods was chiefly of the nature of traditional change. 



(9) Though germinal changes are important they do not account 

 for the outstanding events, though they have contributed to them. 



(10) Lesser germinal changes colour tradition, but are not determin- 

 ing factors in history. (11) Known germinal changes, such as those 

 produced by crossing, are less important than accompanying tradi- 

 tional changes, (12) of which there are many instances in the third 

 period. (13) The direct effect of the environment is not negligible, 

 and has influenced the course of history. (14) The cyclic course of 

 civilization, which has been attributed to germinal change, is in the 

 main due to traditional changes. (15) Tradition at the present day 

 overlays the manifestation of mental characters in so great a degree 

 that (16) differences between classes may well seem wholly traditional, 

 but (17) psychological tests and (18) other evidence show that innate 

 mental differences are present, (19) though it is difficult to appraise 

 their value and the importance of modern differential fertility. 



CHAPTEK XXII 



CONCLUSION 475 



Summary of the argument and of the conclusions. 



APPENDIX I . i . .483 



Summary of evidence as to restriction of increase amongst Primitive 

 Races. 



APPENDIX II -. \ 488 



LIST OF AUTHORITIES QUOTED . . . ... 489 



INDEX 509 



