118 HUMAN HISTORY 



blance to the Neanderthal type. Finally from deposits at the 

 close of the late Palaeolithic period at Offnet two further types 

 are known. One of them is a long-headed race not unlike the 

 Mediterranean type of European at the present day. The other 

 is a broad-headed race, which is not unlike the Alpine type of 

 modern European. 



In a general sketch further details need not be added. There 

 is no essential difference between the physical type existing in 

 Neolithic times and that of modern man. Leaving the discussion 

 of the inter-relationship and origin of these types until after we 

 have spoken of the evolution of culture, what we have found so 

 far is that in the beginning of the Pleistocene and in the early 

 Palaeolithic there are three primitive types of man known, and 

 that in the Middle Palaeolithic there is a peculiar type with 

 many primitive features, whereas in the Upper Palaeolithic we 

 are in the presence of types which for the most part differ but 

 little from modern races, and even show affinity to certain modern 

 races in particular cases. 1 



8. We have now to give some account of the evolution of culture 

 as shown by the implements and other remains left by primitive 

 man. The story of the first identification of stone implements by 

 Boucher de Perthes is well known. Gradually a succession of 

 periods has been recognized, and the names given to them have 

 already been introduced in the preceding pages. Of the two 

 main periods Palaeolithic and Neolithic the first is distinguished 

 by the facts that stone implements were not polished, agriculture 

 was not practised, pottery was not made, 2 and animals were not 

 domesticated. Within the Palaeolithic period several successive 

 types of culture can be distinguished, but before we deal with 

 them something must be said regarding the so-called Eolithic 

 period. 



There are found in many places stones supposed to exhibit 

 a very primitive form of human workmanship. To them the name 

 of eoliths has been given. They have been described from the 



1 Thus Boule (loc. cit., vol. viii, p. Ill), speaking of the Upper Palaeolithic types 

 in general, says : ' Tous ces hommes fossiles ne sont pas plus differents des hommes 

 actuels que ceux-ci ne different entre eux.' 



* Pottery stated to be Palaeolithic has been found in Belgium. There is nothing 

 surprising in the fact, if it is a fact, that Palaeolithic man should have possessed 

 this art, so far as his abilities are concerned. In general, however, nomadic races 

 (and the Palaeolithic races were, of course, nomadic) have little use for pottery. 

 See Dechelette, Manuel ff Archtologie, vol. i, pp. 169 ff. 



