THE ORIGIN OF TRADITION 435 



conclusions to be drawn in a broad survey. The transformation 

 to the organic type of society is a mark of the third period, and 

 therefore within this period the conditions became such as to 

 stimulate the growth of skill and to facilitate the transmission 

 and storing of skill in a manner never before approached. 



11. Given, therefore, differences in fertility and in the geo- 

 graphical configuration as between one part of the world's surface 

 and another, and given migration, we can understand how skill 

 arises, how it is transmitted, and how it is stored. The factors 

 considered are not the only factors, but they are the chief factors, 

 and a consideration of them alone enables us to understand how 

 in the main progress may be achieved how, that is to say, to 

 some degree command over nature may be attained. Further, 

 in thus tracing the causes of progress in this narrow sense we are 

 tracing in some manner the origin and growth of other elements 

 in tradition, not directly concerned with command over nature. 

 This can be illustrated by a reference to the results obtained by 

 Messrs. Hobhouse, Wheeler, and Ginsberg. As we have seen, 

 progress in skill falls easily into a series of stages hunting and 

 fishing, agricultural and metal-using. These authors further 

 subdivided hunting people into two stages, agricultural peoples 

 into three, and pastoral into two. They then investigated the 

 correlation between these stages and the conditions relative to 

 justice, the family, warfare, and so on. It was found that in the 

 points indicative of the degree of social organization there is 

 a certain correspondence with economic advance. * This corre- 

 spondence ', they say they have found, ' in the development of 

 government and of justice alike, in the fact that as we mount the 

 scale there is more of government and 'more of the public admini- 

 stration of justice within society, and in the fact that the unit for 

 government and for justice extends. Both intensively and ex- 

 tensively there is a growth of order corresponding roughly to the 

 industrial advance. On the other hand economic development has 

 no necessary connexion with improvement in the relation between 

 members of a society. It does not imply greater considerateness 

 or a keener sense of justice, and in some ways may be held even 

 adverse to them. Thus in relation to marriage and the position of 

 women, we find little change throughout the grades, and of those 

 which we do find the most marked are specifically connected with 

 the economic factor, viz. the extension of purchase and of general 



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