THE CHARRS. 293 



separate article to their description. He recognises their affinity to the 

 Salbling (8. salvelvnus), and lets the description of the German and 

 British fishes follow one another; but the "torgoch" of Wales and 

 the "red charre of Winander-mere " appear to him to be the same 

 species, with which he unites even the " Reutell or Bothel of South 

 Germany" a fish which, however, appears to have been known to him 

 rather by name or by recollection than by actual examination and by 

 comparison with the British fish. 



Willoughby mentions the Qilt charr beside the red charr, also from 

 the lakes of Westmoreland, considering it identical with Salvianis 

 carpione, from the Lago di Garda. In the description of the latter he 

 says (p. 197), " Inpalato quinque dentium arioloe." Whilst he expressly 

 and correctly mentions that the middle of the palate is toothless in the 

 Salbling as well as in the red charr. Therefore, the gilt charr, as it is 

 understood by Willoughby, cannot be a true charr without teeth along 

 the middle of the vomer (Salmo sensu stricto) ; but it is a species of salar 

 or/ario, with five series of teeth along the roof of the mouth, viz., two 

 along the maxillaries, two along the palatines, and one along the 

 vomer. 



We shall see that Pennant and Yarrell mention the gilt charr as a 

 variety of the common charr ; but what Pennant says about its habits 

 and propagation tends to show that Willoughby was perfectly right in 

 referring to it as a very different species. 



In the year 1738 the confusion commences with Artedi and Linnaeus, 

 who, without knowing the British fish, refer Willoughby's "red charr " 

 to the Salmo alpinus from Lapland. 



In 1755, Farrington, in a letter printed in the " Philosophical Trans- 

 actions " of this year, gives some notes about the general appearance 

 and the habits of the torgoch. He very truly remarks that the fish is 

 "slimy, nearly allied to the eel and the tench," and that "the male 

 is not adorned with the beautiful red hue of the female;" "yet," he 

 continues, " he is finely shaded and marbled upon the back and sides 

 with black streaks." " The turgoch makes its appearance at the shores 

 of the Llanberis lakes about the winter solstice ; the whole number 

 annually taken in the two pools of Llanberis does not amount to a 

 hundred dozen." 



In 1776, Pennant knows that the charr not only occurs in England and 

 Wales, but also in Scotland, whilst he has not received any evidence of 

 its existence in Ireland. He first mentions the fact, which is repeated 

 in all other works, that the charrs oC the Lake of Llanberis were 

 entirely destroyed by noxious waters flowing from copper-mines in the 

 neighbourhood. Dr. Giinther says : " This fact is doubted by Mr. S. P.W. 



