4 J. M. Macfarlane. — Cephalotaceae. 



petiole is attached to the posterior upper third of the pitcher, the base of the latter 

 is inclined forward, while the oblique orifice is directed upward. Each is divisible into a 

 petiolar and an ascidiform part. The petiole is cylindrical, rather longer than the pitcher, 

 sheaths at its base, and is villous throughout. The pitcher is ovate and results from in- 

 pouching or excavation of the primitivelj simple leaf on its upper surface. It bears in 

 front a median ciliated ridge or wing that starts rather abruptlj from the pitcher base and, 

 running forward and upward, ends abruptly in front of the corrugated rim. This ridge 

 is somewhat flattened, or even expanded into narrow diverging wing-like lobes along its 

 edge. Its tip represents the extreme apex of the leaf, or an exfoliation from it. Two 

 similar but obliquely placed and simple ridges gradually arise on either side of the pitcher 

 base. These, running forward and upward, end also beneath the rim and at some distance 

 from the median ridge (Fig. \ A). None of these ridges should be confounded with 

 the ciliated wings of Nepenthes, nor with the anterior wing of the Sarracenioids, in all 

 of which they are separate or fused laminar lobes in front of the hollowed midrib that 

 forms the pitcher. In Cephalotus, as subjoined teratological evidence will show, the 

 median crest is undoubtedly an excrescence of the midrib on the under or dorsal leaf 

 surface, while the lateral ridges arise as accessory dorsal exfoliations between the midrib 

 and the leaf margin. 



The orifice of the pitcher is oblique, and is bounded, laterally and in front, by a 

 cylindrical corrugated peristome that strikingly suggests the same structure in Nepenthes. 

 It is absent across the insertion of the lid, is narrowest at the edges of the lid, and 

 is widest in front. Its surface is strongly ridged and grooved, the ridges varying from 

 15 to 2 8, according to the size of the pitcher. Each ridge is slightly prolonged beyond 

 the peristome into the pitcher cavity as an incurved tooth that is crimson, and so often 

 contrasts sharply with the pale green of the grooves. The entire peristome results 

 from cellular expansion of the pitcher margin, and does not result, as in Nepenthes, 

 from a revolving outward of the pitcher edge, and a deflection inward of the glan- 

 dulär ridge. 



The lid overarches the cavity, is circular in outline, and is inserted into the pitcher 

 by a broad base. The petiole, the edges of the ridges, and the exterior of the lid are 

 pilose with unicellular hairs of somewhat peculiar structure, that are described below. 

 The white areolae of the lid are characteristic and are also treated of below. The dis- 

 tribution of veins throughout the pitcher is of some interest, and can in part be traced 

 by the naked eye, in part by serial sections. This is treated of below as an anatomical" 

 detail. The color of the pitchers varies, as in most species of Sarracenia and in 

 Dionaea, according to locality in relation to illumination. Hamilton observes that when 

 growing in shady places they are uniformly light green, variegated over the lid with 

 pale whitish areolae disposed radially. When growing in somewhat open sunny places 

 they are crimson-green or purplish green with crimson-green and whitish lid. But in 

 hot fully sun-exposed situations, the writer finds that the green colör of the pitcher 

 mesophyll may be entirely concealed by a crimson pigment that is uniformly distributed 

 in the epidermal cells of all parts except the white areolae of the lid, and at times 

 the grooves of the peristome. The areolae have a like aspect to those over the lid 

 and the upper part of the tube in Sarracenia minor and other species, while they 

 closely agree histologically. 



The morphological relation of the pitchered to the ordinary foliage leaves, has 

 been fully elucidated by the teratological studies of Dickson and subsequent observers, 

 also by the embryological studies of Eichler. Dickson (Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin. p. 

 cit.) described intermediate types like those figured (Fig. 2J., I?, C), which clearly show 

 that the pitcher cavity is an excavation of the upper laminar surface — not of the 

 midrib as in other "pitcher plants" — , that the lid is a forward growth of the lamina 

 over the basal side of the cavity, that the median anterior ridge is a distal exfoliation 

 of the midrib area, and that the oblique lateral ridges are corresponding expansions 

 to the last that at least in part follow the course of two veins, though unlike the 



