{j J. M. Macfarlane. — Cephalotaceac. 



The stem or rhizome is bounded in the young state by an epidermis that bears 

 numerous long fine unicellular hairs, at first of a pale color. The cell wall of each 

 hair soon shows decided thickening, but the cavity of it remains continuous from base 

 to apex, unlike the condition shown by the similar hairs of the leaves, where as more 

 fully explained below, extensive wall thickening occurs, so as to convert the upper half 

 to two-thirds of each hair into a clear solid shaft. In all of them the external wall 

 surface develops small tubercles. As noted by Schweiger the Contents of each hair 

 cell gradually become brown with increasing age. Within the epidermis is a relatively 

 broad zone of cortex cells each of which is at first clear and vacuolated, but soon 

 stores abundant starch. The starch grains throughout this and other tissues are rather 

 small and eccentrically built up round the hilum. The cortex tissue surrounds a cylinder 

 of bündle tissue that in most sections is incomplete, due to the passing off from it of 

 broad foliar traces that pass obliquely outward to supply the leaves. The bündle tissue 

 is made up of a relatively broad phloem zone, that encloses a slightly broader xylem, 

 the latter being composed of spiral tracheae and cells internally, and of pitted-scalari- 

 form tubes and cells externally. The pith tissue greatly resembles the cortex in its cells. 



During the first season a cork cambium arises, that lays down then, and in each 

 succeeding year of active growth, a zone of 3 — 5 layers of cork. Normal dicotyledonous 

 development then proceeds for 3 — 4 years, accompanied by abundant storage of starch 

 in the cortex and pith cells. Demarcation of the xylem into annual zones is only 

 faintly indicated, from contrast in the denser elements of the autumn wood of one 

 year with the larger elements of that formed in the succeeding spring. After 3 to 

 4 years of active growth, gradual pigmentation by a brown substance occurs in the 

 cell contents of the epidermis, cortex and pith, accompanied by brown pigmentation of 

 the walls specially of the cortex. While this is proceeding the starch grains are ab- 

 sorbed, so that from the 5 1h to the 8 th or I th year gradual decay sets in. 



Leaf System. The scale leaves formed along the elongated parts of the axes 

 bear numerous long unicellular hairs over their surfaces and abundantly along their 

 margins. They also show Compound glands like the alluring glands found over the 

 foliage and pitchered leaves. As any secretion ' that these might pour out would be 

 of little if any use to the plant, Ihey seem to be vestigial structures, and the con- 

 clusion that the writer stated for the scales of Sarracenia "such anatomical details 

 favor the view that scale leaves are merely greatly reduced pitchered leaves" — or 

 in the present case foliage leaves — seems equally to apply to Cep'halotus. Internally 

 the mesophyll tissue is feebly developed, but is traversed by 3 — 4 fine vascular bundles. 



The foliage leaves bear hairs along their petiole and laminar margins — rarely 

 over their surface — that resemble in shape those of the rhizome. But here they show 

 more specialized details that are described by Dickson thus "each of these is an 

 elongated cell with pointed extremity and a broad truncated base embedded in a slightly 

 elevated group of epidermis cells. This unicellular hair is solid from the tip to within 

 a half or a third of the distance from the base. The cell cavity thus reduced is 

 bounded by a distinct and highly refractive wall, and the appearance is thus pres- 

 ented of one hair encapsulated within anolher." Beside such, which are most abundant, 

 one not unfrequently notes hairs, in which the upper part instead of being quite 

 solid, shows a narrow thread-like Prolongation of the cell cavity upward to near the 

 tip (Fig. 3 G). Such is clearly an intermediate type between the simple hairs of the 

 rhizome and the more complicated ones just described. But further some hairs — 

 specially over the exterior of the pitcher lid — show not merely the greenish colored 

 secondary wall thickening internal to the clear primary mass, a tertiary thickening 

 of faint yellowish hue may be laid down within both. The petiole also shows stomata 

 and glands, the latter composed of four larger cells arranged in quartette fashion, with 

 two smaller ones placed above. The substance of the petiole is traversed at its base by 

 a single bündle System, which soon splits into one median and two lateral parts. The 

 median part consists of 4 bundles so placed that two are lateral, one inferior and one 



