OUDEUS. 



PIG. 81. 

 Fourteen- Spotted Leaf Beetle. 



a, Larva ; b, Pupa ; d, Pupa case : c, 

 Imago. All magnified but d. 



is more difficult ; young 

 Orthoptera and Hemiptera 

 are of course easily dis- 

 tinguished by the mouth- 

 parts. A caterpillar with 

 not more than five pairs 

 of sucker-feet belongs 

 to Lepidoptera; if it has 

 more, it is one of the 

 few Eymenoptera whose 

 larvae resemble caterpil- 

 lars. A larva without 

 sucker-feet and not hairy 

 is probably Coleoptera if 

 it has a well-marked head, 



These seven orders are generally 

 easily distinguished ; look first at 

 the wings, then at the mouth-parts ; 

 a two- winged insect is probably one 

 of the Dipt era; an insect with four 

 clear, transparent wings belongs to 

 Neuroptera if the wings are large ; to 

 Hymenoptera if they are small. If 

 the wings are covered with scales, it 

 is a butterfly or moth ; if the upper 

 wings are hard and meet in a straight 

 line, it is a beetle, but if one lies over 

 the other, it is one of the Hemiptera. 

 In the latter case a glance at the 

 mouth-parts will confirm it. 



It is only the exceptions to these 

 rules that make classification difficult, 

 and as the apparent exceptions 

 are numerous, one cannot expect to 

 place every winged insect into its 

 order by superficial examination. 



When the insect is young, the case 



FIG. 82. 

 Larva. Pupa and Imago of a Hymenopterouft Insect. 



