THERAPY. 447 



of troops in time of war, when it is difficult to 

 observe other prophylactic measures, and should 

 recommend itself to physicians and nurses during 

 epidemics. 



The products of autodigestion of typhoid cul- 

 tures have been suggested as suitable vaccine 

 (Neisser and Shiga). The local reaction is said 

 to be mild, and the body reacts by the formation 

 of bactericidal amboceptors and agglutinins. 



Bactericidal serums obtained by the immuniza- serotherapy. 

 tion of horses with typhoid bacilli have not shown 

 distinct curative properties. Chantemesse im- 

 munizes horses with a typhoid "toxin" which is 

 prepared by growing the organism in a liquid cul- 

 ture which contains an emulsion of splenic tissue. 

 One cubic centimeter of this toxin will kill a 

 guinea-pig, a dose which in comparison with 

 other bacterial toxins is very weak. Chantemesse 

 has used his antitoxic serum in the treatment of 

 more than 500 patients, reporting a mortality of 

 about 6 per cent., whereas that among untreated 

 patients was from 10 per cent, to 12 per cent. 

 Although these figures indicate some value for the 

 serum, it has had little trial outside of France. 



MacFadyen and Rowland immunize horses with 

 extracts of typhoid bacilli, which have been ground 

 up while they were kept in a brittle state by the 

 temperature of liquid air. Although antitoxic and 

 bactericidal properties are claimed for the serum, 

 there is no conclusive evidence that it differs from 

 bactericidal serum prepared in the ordinary way. 



Jez produces a high degree of immunity in rab- Preparation 

 bits by artificial immunization with the typhoid 

 bacillus, then prepares an extract from the spleen, 

 bone marrow, brain, etc., of the immunized ani- 



