152 THE GKAPE CTJLTUKIST. 



point where it is tied to the .upright wire be both equal 

 distances from the base of the wire. The vine should be 

 made as straight as possible, so that the sap shall not be 

 checked in its flow. If it is not disposed to be straight, 

 a lath should be nailed on, reaching at the proper angle 

 from the lower to the upper bar, and the vine tied to it. 

 When the buds start, select five or six for the upright canes, 

 the same as when the arms are trained horizontally. 



The first upright may start a few inches below the lower 

 bar, as shown in the engraving, or the bar may be placed 

 at six inches above the ground, provided the soil about the 

 base of the vine is kept covered with mulch to keep the 

 fruit clean. Each of the uprights will produce fruit, but 

 unless the vine is very strong, a portion of it should be re- 

 moved. 



The flow of sap will sometimes cause the upper shoots 

 to grow a little faster than the lower ones ; if so, pinch off 

 the ends so soon as the fifth leaf is formed on them, and 

 leave the lower canes until they have eight or nine leaves. 

 The growth of the canes will usually be very regular when 

 the vines are laid in straight, and at the angle named. 



At the end of the second year the bearing canes should 

 be pruned to two buds ; the cross lines at &, Fig. 53, 

 show the point where to cut off. 



As the vines are to be protected, there is no necessity for 

 leaving an extra bud to be cut off in spring, as recom- 

 mended for unprotected vines. In locations where it is 

 necessary to protect vines, the warm weather usually comes 

 on so rapidly after it commences, that itVould not do to 

 prune the vines after they are uncovered. 



The next season two canes are produced from the two 

 buds, and in the fall the cane which starts from the upper 

 bud of the two is removed, cutting through the spur as pre- 

 viously shown, and the other cane cut back to two buds ; 

 the cross line at c, Fig. 53, shows the point at which it 

 should be removed. Upon the right hand of the figure., 



