WINE-MAKING IN CALIFORNIA. 35 



raised above the surface, when they are ready for planting in 

 vineyard, treating them as described before. In one or two 

 years, they are ready for grafting, and generally make very 

 fine and even stocks, as they can be transplanted with nearly 

 their entire roots and therefore receive very little check. 

 While planting, however, the roots should be kept in a pail of 

 water, to keep them moist and fresh. 



CHAPTER IV. 



PROPAGATION BY CUTTINGS IN OPEN AIR. 



I am aware that a great majority of California vineyards are 

 planted with cuttings planted directly in the vineyard. While 

 this makes very good vineyards sometimes, if the circum- 

 stances are favorable, yet I do not recommend it, and think 

 it the cause of the great number of uneven stands we see in 

 the State. Moreover, all varieties do not root equally well, 

 and it is always safer to plant in nursery, and remove the plants 

 into vineyard next spring. 



Most of the Vinifera varieties root readily from cuttings, 

 but as I do not advise planting this, on account of the danger 

 from phylloxera ,and as nearly all American species do not 

 root quite so readily, it is all the more prudent to plant in 

 nursery first. 



Of the American species, the varieties I would chiefly 

 recommend for stocks, are the wild Riparia and the /Estiva- 

 lis, for reasons which will be given in the chapter on "Re- 

 sistant Vines." The wild Riparia roots readily, while of the 



